Which of the following correctly describes the path of fluid flow in the kidney?

Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition: renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides

Which of the following substances does NOT appear in normal filtrate within the distal convoluted tubule? Question options: A) Sodium ions C) Water D) Glucose

Explain the role of renin-angiotensin - aldosterone pathway in restoring blood pressure and fluid balance.  Include the stimulus for release, the pathway that is involved,  and the physiological effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone.   Answer should include: Identify stimulus/change that starts the pathway (i.e. Identify the direction of change IN BP or circulating fluid status) What happens in the juxtaglomerular cells? Clue: what stimulus causes the release of renin? Explain action of renin - what protein does it act on? What is it converted to? Which enzymes converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2? What are the actions of angiotensin 2? Clue: stimulates adrenal context to produce what? And what effect does angiotensin 2 have on blood vessels? What causes reabsorption of Na into blood ? What effect does this have on blood volume? How is BP restored ? Explain how this relates to equation for BP ( BP= CO x TPR)

A patient comes to your medical practice with complaints of low urine output (not peeing).  You use inulin to calculate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the following information: Plasma level (P – constant over 24 hours): 10 mg/mL inulin.  Urine sample (U): 144 mg inulin/mL urine. Urine formation (V): 10 mL/min.   Using the fromula GFR=V  ✕ U/P, you calculate a GFR of ... A) 144mL/min.. B) 14400 mL/min. C) 144 min./mL. D) 144 g mannitol/min.

why does the kidney receive 1/4 of cardiac output?

Explain how each fluid condition should affect urine volume: - water, salt water, gatorade, coke, nothing

Sodium-Potassium Pumps (N+/K+ ATPase) are fundamental to your body’s physiological function. What is the connection/importance of this phenomenon in the urinary system with examples?

Which of the following statements is false regarding the filtration that takes place in the kidneys? a) About 20% of the total plasma volume is filtered into the lumen of Bowman's capsule. b) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): indicates how fast blood plasma is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidney c) It is primarily the systemic blood pressure that determines how much urine you produce. d) The filtrate consists of water, smaller molecules and ions that can cross the filter barrier

From the previous question, In which section of the kidney tubules does this potassium movement occur? Is that movement passive or active?