Which genes can be transferred by all three methods of horizontal gene transfer? a. capsule production b. toxin production c. F factord. drug resistance

mRNA vaccines are better than DNA vaccines because A. their sequences can be easily modified. B. they can be easily scaled up. C. they can be easily degraded. D. they are single-stranded molecules. E. they do not integrate into the host DNA. O O O O

In which bacteriophage life cycle does the phage DNA become incorporated into the bacterial chromosome? a. Lytic b. Lysogenic c. Both lytic and lysogenic d. Neither lytic nor lysogenic

How is the "language" of a molecule made of nucleotides converted into a molecule made of amino acids? O a. Using the process of meiosis, according to the semi-conservative synthesis model O b. Using the process of replication, according to complementary base pairing O c. Using the process of transcription, according to complementary base pairing d. Using the process of translation, according to the genetic code

Which type of DNA mutation can be passed on to the next generation? a. Gamete mutation b. Somatic cell mutation C. Body mutation d. Mutagenic agent O

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by _________. Select all that apply. a. spontaneously acquiring resistance through mutation. b. acquiring resistant genes through exchanging genes with other bacteria c. Both

Which of the following statements is false? a. Plasmids can be exchanged between different species of bacteria. b. The blue circle represents a small chromosome. c. The blue circle is a plasmid that contains genes that confer resistance to specific antiobiotics. d. The blue circle represents a double-stranded molecule of DNA.

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the antibiotic streptomycin? A. it disrupts protein synthesis in resistant bacteria. B. Streptomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis in all bacterial species. C. Streptomycin creates mutations in bacteria which cause them to become resistant. D. It disrupts protein synthesis in nonresistant bacteria.