Which compounds have nonpolar covalent bonds, which have polar covalent bonds, and which have ionic bonds? (Use the electronegativities from the table below, and compare the electronegativities of the atoms involved in each chemical bond.) 1A 2A Li Be 1.0 1.5 Na Mg 0.9 1.2 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 <1.0 1.0-1.4 1. NH3 2. H₂O 1B 2B K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Pt Au Hg TI 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 3. CC14 H 2.1 1.5-1.9 2.0-2.4 8B 2242 Ir 3A B 2.0 2.5-2.9 3.0-4.0 4A 5A 6A 7A C N O F 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Al Si 1.5 P S CI 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 Ge 1.8 As Se Br 2.0 2.4 2.8 Sn Sb Te I 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5 Pb Bi Po At 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach
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Chapter12: Chemical Bonding
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 41E
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**Understanding Bond Types: Electronegativity and Bond Classification**

Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. By comparing the electronegativities of atoms involved in a bond, we can determine whether the bond is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic.

Below is a simplified periodic table showing the electronegativities of elements. The elements are color-coded based on their electronegativity values:

- Green: <1.0
- Light Green: 1.0 – 1.4
- Light Blue: 1.5 – 1.9
- Purple: 2.0 – 2.4
- Orange: 2.5 – 2.9
- Red: 3.0 – 4.0

Diagram of Electronegativity Values:

```
    1A   2A                                         7A
   Li   Be                                          F
 1.0   1.5                                       4.0
   Na  Mg                                          Cl
 0.9   1.2                                       3.0
   K   Ca                                          Br
 0.8   1.0                                       2.8
   Rb  Sr                                          I
 0.8   1.0                                       2.5
   Cs  Ba                                          At
 0.7   0.9                                       2.2

1B  2B  3A   4A  5A     6A  7A
  Cu   Zn   B    C    N     O   F
  1.9   1.6   2.0  2.5  3.0   3.5  4.0

   8                                                         

Standings for Standard Elements:

    H  2.1

8A                                                                 

```

**Bond Types:**
1. **Nonpolar Covalent Bonds**: Occur when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5.
2. **Polar Covalent Bonds**: Occur when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is between 0.5 and 1.7.
3. **Ionic Bonds**: Form when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is
Transcribed Image Text:**Understanding Bond Types: Electronegativity and Bond Classification** Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. By comparing the electronegativities of atoms involved in a bond, we can determine whether the bond is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic. Below is a simplified periodic table showing the electronegativities of elements. The elements are color-coded based on their electronegativity values: - Green: <1.0 - Light Green: 1.0 – 1.4 - Light Blue: 1.5 – 1.9 - Purple: 2.0 – 2.4 - Orange: 2.5 – 2.9 - Red: 3.0 – 4.0 Diagram of Electronegativity Values: ``` 1A 2A 7A Li Be F 1.0 1.5 4.0 Na Mg Cl 0.9 1.2 3.0 K Ca Br 0.8 1.0 2.8 Rb Sr I 0.8 1.0 2.5 Cs Ba At 0.7 0.9 2.2 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Cu Zn B C N O F 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 8 Standings for Standard Elements: H 2.1 8A ``` **Bond Types:** 1. **Nonpolar Covalent Bonds**: Occur when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5. 2. **Polar Covalent Bonds**: Occur when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is between 0.5 and 1.7. 3. **Ionic Bonds**: Form when the electronegativity difference between two atoms is
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