Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Concept explainers

Reactions of Alkyl and Aryl halides
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Zaitsev's Rule in Organic Chemistry
Alexander Zaitsev (also pronounced as Saytzeff), in 1875, prepared a rule to help predict the result of elimination reactions which stated, "The favored product in dehydrohalogenation reactions is that alkene that has the majority of alkyl groups attache…
Tosylate
Tosylates are important functional groups in organic chemistry, mainly because of two important properties which they possess:
Alkyl Halides
A functional group is a collection of several atoms or bonds with certain characteristic chemical properties and reactions associated with it. There is a presence of a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I; it represents any halogen atom), as a functional group …
Question
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### Question: Reactivity of Class II Carbonyl Compounds **Which class II carbonyl compound is most reactive during nucleophilic addition reactions?** The image presents five structural formulae, labeled I to V, representing different class II carbonyl compounds. Each structure consists of a carbon-oxygen double bond (the carbonyl group) with varying alkyl groups attached. The compounds are arranged as follows: 1. **Compound I**: A straight chain aldehyde. 2. **Compound II**: Another straight chain aldehyde with slightly different substitution. 3. **Compound III**: A straight chain ketone. 4. **Compound IV**: A ketone with a branching methyl group. 5. **Compound V**: A ketone with a different branching pattern. The question asks to identify which compound is most reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions. **Options:** - ○ IV only - ○ I only - ● II only (Selected) - ○ V only - ○ III only **Selection Explanation:** Compound II is highlighted as the most reactive, suggesting it likely has structural features that increase electrophilicity, such as less steric hindrance or higher inductive effects facilitating nucleophilic attack.
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Transcribed Image Text:### Question: Reactivity of Class II Carbonyl Compounds **Which class II carbonyl compound is most reactive during nucleophilic addition reactions?** The image presents five structural formulae, labeled I to V, representing different class II carbonyl compounds. Each structure consists of a carbon-oxygen double bond (the carbonyl group) with varying alkyl groups attached. The compounds are arranged as follows: 1. **Compound I**: A straight chain aldehyde. 2. **Compound II**: Another straight chain aldehyde with slightly different substitution. 3. **Compound III**: A straight chain ketone. 4. **Compound IV**: A ketone with a branching methyl group. 5. **Compound V**: A ketone with a different branching pattern. The question asks to identify which compound is most reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions. **Options:** - ○ IV only - ○ I only - ● II only (Selected) - ○ V only - ○ III only **Selection Explanation:** Compound II is highlighted as the most reactive, suggesting it likely has structural features that increase electrophilicity, such as less steric hindrance or higher inductive effects facilitating nucleophilic attack.
**Class II Carbonyls** - Ketones & aldehydes - Contains poor leaving groups (LVGs) such as R and H bonded to the carbonyl carbon - Undergo nucleophilic addition reactions **Diagram Description:** 1. **Ketone Structure:** - Shows a carbonyl group (C=O) with the carbon atom bonded to two substituents, an unspecified group (R) and an amine group (NR₂). 2. **Aldehyde Structure:** - Displays a carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbon atom is bonded to an unspecified group (R) and a hydrogen atom (H). These diagrams illustrate the structural differences between ketones and aldehydes, highlighting their bonding patterns and tendency to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions due to their carbonyl groups.
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Transcribed Image Text:**Class II Carbonyls** - Ketones & aldehydes - Contains poor leaving groups (LVGs) such as R and H bonded to the carbonyl carbon - Undergo nucleophilic addition reactions **Diagram Description:** 1. **Ketone Structure:** - Shows a carbonyl group (C=O) with the carbon atom bonded to two substituents, an unspecified group (R) and an amine group (NR₂). 2. **Aldehyde Structure:** - Displays a carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbon atom is bonded to an unspecified group (R) and a hydrogen atom (H). These diagrams illustrate the structural differences between ketones and aldehydes, highlighting their bonding patterns and tendency to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions due to their carbonyl groups.
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Here option 1 is aldehyde and all other are ketones.

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