where AU = internal energy change for system q = energy transfer into system by heat flow -w = work done by system may be applied to the actual Calorimeter process, which is assumed to be adiabatic (q = 0). In the present experiment, w, which consists mainly of the work of stirring, can be neglected' and Eq. (2) then becomes AUc = 0 (3) Since the energy Change is independent of path, one has AU, = AU, + CdT (4) Since the temperature change is small, it is usually valid to consider C to be constant, so that the integral becomes equal to C(T2 - T1). One then obtains AUT1= -C(T2 - T1) (5) It may be observed that a temperature rise corresponds to a negative AUT1, that is, to a decrease in energy for the imagined isothermal process. The next step is to calculate AU from AUT1. Although the energy is not sensitive to changes in pressure, the correction to standard states, called the Washburn correction, may amount to several tenths of 1 Percent and is important in work of high accuracy.[2b,3b] The principal Washburn correction terms allow for the changes in U associated with (a) changes in pressure, (b) mixing of reactant gases and separating product gases, and (c) dissolving reactant gases in, and extracting product gases from, the water in the bomb.
Enzyme kinetics
In biochemistry, enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysis is the addition of a catalyst to a chemical reaction to speed up the pace of the reaction. Catalysis can be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on whether the catalysts are distributed in the same phase as that of the reactants. Enzymes are an essential part of the cell because, without them, many organic processes would slow down and thus will affect the processes that are important for cell survival and sustenance.
Regulation of Enzymes
A substance that acts as a catalyst to regulate the reaction rate in the living organism's metabolic pathways without itself getting altered is an enzyme. Most of the biological reactions and metabolic pathways in the living systems are carried out by enzymes. They are specific for their works and work in particular conditions. It maintains the best possible rate of reaction in the most stable state. The enzymes have distinct properties as they can proceed with the reaction in any direction, their particular binding sites, pH specificity, temperature specificity required in very few amounts.
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