What was the common treatment for cholera beginning in the 1830s? Why was this not useful in large populations or during outbreaks?

Q: Here are four toxins: diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, tetanus toxin, and exfoliative toxin. Choose…

A: Introduction A toxin is a poisonous substance or harmful substance produced within living cells or…

Q: What Is Typhoid? List out the symptoms of Typhoid?

A: Typhoid fever is a disease that spreads through defiled food and water.  Typhoid fever is caused by…

Q: Why was the incidence of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome higher in menstruating women than in…

A: Toxic shock syndrome is the condition of sudden high fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, and low blood…

Q: Which disease has an environmental reservoir (i.e., soil, water)? A) O pneumonia B) O rabies C) O…

A: Natural reservoirs are a specific population or environment of the organism that act as reservoirs…

Q: What lessons do early plague pandemics offer us for today? (The majority of this essay should…

A: The first step in understanding the lessons from early plague pandemics is to understand their…

Q: How would the occurrence of the common cold be classified? a)sporadic b)endemic c)pandemic…

A: Common cold or simply cold is an upper respiratory tract infection which can be transmitted by…

Q: Why did the 1918 influenza affect mostly the young and healthy?

A: VIRUS:- Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, the outbreak which it has caused are the 2009 swine flu…

Q: Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis produce an exotoxin or endotoxin Discuss how this affects the host.…

A: This question is based on the mycobacterium tuberculosis and the difference between endotoxin and…

Q: Besides enterotoxin, does V. cholerae possess an endotoxin? If it does, is the toxin a significant…

A: Cholera is an infection by the bacterium Vibro cholerae, it causes fluid loss from the body in the…

Q: What is MRSA? In your own, words describe why MRSA is so concerning.

A: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disease is acquired by a staph bacteria that has…

Q: How does the fact that Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a zoonosis relate to the relative severity of…

A: A classic metazoonosis is the disease known as Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF). This disease…

Q: Why is it very unlikely that the Zika virus will become a permanent resident of Michigan?

A: Zika virus is mostly spread by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes…

Q: How did Escherichia coli become pathogenic?

A: Escherichia coli or E. coli can be described as the gram negative, facultative anaerobic, rod shaped…

Q: Which statement about Yersinia pestis is false?a) Conditions inside human phagocytes activate…

A: Yersinia pestis is a non-motile, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium that do not consists of spores.…

Q: Please explain in detail Question #1: What is nosocomial infection? Question #2: What is fomite?

A: Infections that occur to a person when in areas of health care or health care associated infections…

Q: Why is Lyme disease considered a re-emerging disease?

A: INTRODUCTION Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, which are spread by…

Q: Why is the cause of death similar in tetanus and botulism?

A: Step 1 Botulism and tetanus both are acute neurological diseases in humans as well as animals.…

Q: Which of the following statements is false?a) A botulism epidemic that results from improperly…

A: An illness of high rate implies that individuals frequently contract the infection; guests to a…

Q: In the United States, hantavirusesa) are limited to southwestern states.b) are carried only by deer…

A: A virus is an infectious agent that contains a single nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) core surrounded by a…

Q: What is bacteremia? Is it dangerous for humans?

A: Bacterimia is a bacterial infection that spreads to the bloodstream.  It can be serious as it can…

Q: Most U.S cases of tularemia occur in the late spring and summer months, and a few cases occur in…

A: Tularemia is a zoonotic infection brought about by the gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella…

Q: you worked for a school confronting an outbreak of S. aureus, how would you determine whether the…

A: An outbreak of staphylococcus aureus could become very dangerous specifically is the strain that was…

Q: What is the virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A: Virulence factors are specific molecules of pathogenic organisms that cause the invasion against the…

Q: Cholera is spread by contaminated water. List 3 steps you can take to stop this disease from…

A: The intestinal infection by the bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae causes the disease cholera. The…

Q: Why might the Yersinia pestis from a patient with pneumonic plague be more dangerous than the same…

A: Bacteria are the most important microorganisms to the food processor. Some bacteria are beneficial…

Q: Write a 1-2 paragraph case study that accurately depicts the disease caused by Clostridium…

A: Botulism is caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves and causes difficulty breathing, muscle…

Q: In what ways is the organism Streptococcus pyogenes different from Staphylococcus aureus?

A: Streptococcus is a gram positive coccus . They are spherical in shape.

Q: Who discovered Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?

A: Introduction  A virus is an infectious microorganism made up of a protein-coated segment of nucleic…

Q: Which of the following diseases is least likely to be transmitted by water? a) Hepatitis A b)…

A: Pathogenic microorganisms transmitted through contaminated water produce water-borne illnesses.

Q: What caused the Bubonic plague pathogens to transmit to humans?

A: Bubonic plague is an infectious fever caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The disease was…

Q: Staphylococcus aureus can be responsible for all of the following conditions excepta) impetigo.…

A: Answer is d.) scaled skin syndrome.

Q: what is the the burden of disease in Mexico?

A: •The burden of disease is a measure of the impact of different diseases and injuries on a…

Q: How does the E. coli strain 026:H11 damage its victims?

A: The enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) serotype O26 is the second most common enterohaemorrhagic E.…

Q: Why is gout more prevalent in populations that eat relatively large amounts of meat?

A: Introduction: Gout is a type I glycogen storage disease which occurs to to the defect of an enzyme…

Q: As part of your job in an international pharmaceutical company you are given the task of: a)…

A: Vitamin C ( L-ascorbate) is one of the biomolecules which many animals can biosynthesize, but not…

Q: Match the following examples to the appropriate type of symbiosis.   - A microbe that lives inside…

A: Introduction:-  a) Symbiosis:- Symbiosis is a close ecological relationship between the individuals…

Q: An outbreak of viral meningitis in a small eastern city was linked epidemiologically to a group who…

A: Viruses are mostly pathogenic forms which neither considered to be living or non-living outside the…

Q: Why are Koch’s postulates not sufficient to establish the cause of all infectious diseases?

A: Koch's postulations are the criteria developed to establish between the microbe and disease. Robert…

Q: Which of the following infectious agents is most likely to cause a pandemic?a) Influenza A virusb)…

A: Microbes are generally visible under the microscope only. They include bacteria, algae, fungi,…

Q: he following are the steps, listed in random order, for utilizing koch's postulates. what should be…

A: Koch's postulates were created in the nineteenth century as a set of basic instructions for…

Q: Which vaccines were developed by Pasteur?

A: Vaccination refers to an immune response to specific illnesses generated by the administration of…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.