What  type of mutation occurred in the gene sequence that resulted in white-fur bears

8. Dioxin (in the human diet!) and ethidium bromide (used in labs to see DNA using UV light) are classified as because they insert themselves in between adjacent DNA bases. 9. UV light can cause two adjacent pyrimidines to form a (Fig 18.21). 10. Study Figure 18.26. What is the difference between black, green and red grapes relative to expression of genes that produce anthocyanin pigments? Possible answers: retrotransposon prevents pigment expression; partial removal of retrotransposon allows partial pigment expression; absence of retrotransposon allows normal pigment expression. a. Black: b. Green : C. Red:

explain the statement Transposons can move genes to newchromosomal locations.

DNA markers have greatly enhanced the mapping of genes in humans. What are DNA markers, and what advantage do they confer?

Gene expression is... O How genes are replicated into two new strands identical to each other O How genes are duplicated, forming a new gene O How genes are mutated, creating a new allele O How genes are transcribed and translated into protein

For each set: in 1-2 sentences define the term (a) Nucleotide substitution, deletion, insertion (b) Sense, Missense, Nonsense mutations (c) Frameshift mutations (d) Allelic expansion, trinucleotide repeat

(a) Mutations have many different causes and effects. Outline how mutations can affect the gene pool of a population. (b) Draw a table that identifies THREI types of mutagens, describes how each mutagen causes mutation and describes the effects of each mutagen.

. If you were a genetic counselor and had a patient withMERRF who wanted to have a child, what kind of advice could you give about the chances the child wouldalso have the disease? Are there any tests you couldsuggest that could be performed prenatally to determine if a fetus would be affected by MERRF?

4. Figure shows a part of the sequence alignment of human and whale myoglobin proteins. Please explain the difference between green- and yellow-colored mutations. Which mutations have higher probability to change the function of protein, why? Number 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 K|V|E|A|D |||P|G|H|G|Q|E|V|L|| |K| V |E| A|D| v | A |G Human Whale H. G|Q|D|||L|| Number 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 RLFKGHP |R|L|F|K|S | H| P | E |T|L | E |K| F |D| R E|T|L|E|K| F |D|K] Human Whale Number 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 FKHLKSED FKH MK EMK ASED SED Human Whale LKTE A A.