Q: For identical twins, if one of them develops the autoimmune disorder because of genetic reason, does…
A: Identical twins are always of same-sex, blood type and share all of their genes as they receive…
Q: What is the role of dendritic cells in the innate immune system?
A:
Q: How is immune globulin different from hyperimmune globulin?
A: Immune globulins are some complex glycoprotein molecules produced by the plasma cells, which play a…
Q: What activates a Helper T-cell?
A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…
Q: What are the two proteins/factors produced by cytotoxic - T cells to kill a virally-infected cell-
A: Introduction : It is type of immune cell which kill certain cells, including foreign cells,…
Q: What does the rapid activation of the innate immunity lead to?
A: Innate immunity can be defined as the nonspecific defense mechanisms that will come into play…
Q: What kinds of symptoms accompany B-cell defects, T-cell defects, and combined defects?
A: “Primary immunodeficiency” diseases are the results of genetic or hereditary defects. Some examples…
Q: What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatoryresponse?
A: Prostaglandins are the lipid based compounds, found in animals, which have hormone like effects.…
Q: Which of the following is not associated with killing by a cytotoxic T cell? View Available Hint(s)…
A: T cells are type of lymphocytes ( WBC ) that play vital role in Adaptive immunity . They are formed…
Q: How do Natural Killer (NK) cells differ in function from CD8+ cells?
A: Natural killer cells and the CD8+ cells (also known as cytotoxic T-cells) are part of the immune…
Q: What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity?
A: Type II hypersensitivity is a type of mechanisms of the immune system of the body. The immune system…
Q: To avoid the potential for activating self-reactive T cells that might cause autoimmunity, naive T…
A: According to the question, we have to name two effector T cell functions that would fail if effector…
Q: Is Crohn's disease considered as an autoimmune disease. If it is, are there other predisposing…
A: Chron's disease and it's linkage
Q: What are the roles of helper T cells?
A: Majority of the lymphocytes circulating in the blood are made up of T lymphocytes involved in the…
Q: Which ONE of the following genes is most likely mutated in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?…
A: T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is an acute leukaemia. It is aggressive and progresses…
Q: When T cells attack the insulin- producing islet cells in the pancreas, which of the following…
A: Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood sugar…
Q: Why is iron availability important in body defenses?
A: The cells of the immune system are categorized as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. The…
Q: What is the major function of the Thymus?
A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…
Q: Why is SLE considered an autoimmune disease?
A: SLE stands for Systemic lupus erythematosus which is the most common type of lupus involving…
Q: Which of the following are strategies do cancer cells use to escape detection by the immune system?…
A: We realize that the Immune system can perceive and can kill cancer cells. Either cancer cells or…
Q: What is the function of the Thymus?
A: Step 1 Lymphoid organs are those organs that function as sites of formation, multiplication, and…
Q: Where is the thymus located? Describe its structure andfunction
A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…
Q: How does thrombin catalyze the formation of loose fibrin and help in the activation of factor XIII?
A: In physiology, factor XIII is defined as the "firing stabilizing factor" which is known as zymogen…
Q: What happens to individuals with defects in regulatory T cells (Treg)?
A: The immune system protects our body from infections caused by foreign molecules. It is so efficient…
Q: Distinguish among the functions of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3segments of the T cell receptor.
A: Introduction: T cell receptors (TCR) are present on T lymphocytes that are one of the immune cells…
Q: What is involved in the four categories of B-cell and T-cell mediated hypersensitivities?
A: There are four states of hypersensitivity. State I is characterized by immediate allergies that are…
Q: What do T cell receptors do and tell How many T cell receptors do T cells have?
A: Lymphocytes are the white blood cells, which also act as the main type of immune cell in an…
Q: What is the difference between predominant and subordinate monoclonal genes? Note the different…
A: The genes of an individual do not operate isolated from one another, but obviously are functioning…
Q: Why is the signaling pathway that activates NF-κB considered to be relatively irreversible compared…
A: The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which contains three serine-threonine kinases,…
Q: On which cell type is the T-cell receptor located?
A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…
Q: Why is this ligand for the NK-cell receptor CD94:NKG2A. considered a broad mechanism for the NK-cell…
A: NKT cells exhibit a wide range of receptors and kill the infected body cells and tumor cells.
Q: What are the different types of T cells, and what function does each have?
A: Introduction :- T cells are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow and are a component of the…
Q: What techniques and methods are used to detect T cell signaling defects in a patient?
A: There are several techniques to detect T-cell signaling defects in patients. Some of them are as…
Q: What part of the immune system has been linked to progression of cancer?
A: Immune system is a network of biologicals processes that protects an organism from diseases.
Q: Briefly describe the effector functions and mediators of the following CD4 T lymphocyte subsets.…
A: When B cell presenting antigen through MHC class II molecule, TH Cell recognise it. T helper cell…
Q: What is the relationship between self-tolerance and clonal deletion?
A: The B and T lymphocytes have specific receptors on their surfaces. In B lymphocytes, this receptor…
Q: What is the role of histocompatibility antigens in humans and where are they located?
A: Any substance that stimulates the immune response called an antigen (Ag). It stimulates the immune…
Q: What is the genetic component most strongly associated with autoimmune disorders?
A: Autoimmune disorders are those where the body's immune cells recognize their own cell as pathogenic…
Q: How is a cytotoxic T cell like a natural killer (NK) cell?How are they different?
A: The immune system of the body protects the body from foreign invaders. It protects the body from any…
Q: During the chemotaxis phase of the inflammatory response,a. C-reactive protein is secreted by…
A: Inflammation refers to the immune response of the body to stimuli such as pathogen, toxic compounds,…
Q: Is their a correlation between age and allergic reaction?
A: Allergy is the immune response for particular substances like pollen, dust, fur and some food…
Q: What is a T-cell receptor and how is it involved in T-cell activation?
A: A group of proteins found on T cells, a type of immune cell which recognizes and binds to antigens.…
Q: WHAT IS Humoral Immunity
A: Active immunity is the immunity induced in entities by the exposure of antigens. It is mediated by…
Q: How much times does it take for the naive T cell to get activated?
A: The subgroup of memory T cells and effector precursor is called naive T cells. In the bone marrow,…
Q: What are the functions of Helper T cell markers?
A: Answer: Introduction: The T helper cells (TH cells), also called as CD4+ cells, it is a type T cell…
What type of genetic disease is T-cell signaling deficiency? (Dominant/ Recessive, Autosomal/Sex-Linked)?
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- Is Crohn's disease considered as an autoimmune disease. If it is, are there other predisposing factors to it other than genetics? If it is not, what is its nature?Why is inactivity a primary risk factor for many different diseases?For identical twins, if one of them develops the autoimmune disorder because of genetic reason, does that necessarily means the other one will develop the disease? Or it only means the other one is more likely to have this disease than others?
- Genetic factors contribute to the development of IgE-mediated allergic disease. Genetic studies have identified more than 40 genes that show allelic variations associated with the development of allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis, as well as the predisposition to develop allergies to particular antigens. Among these genes are several that implicate CD4 T cell responses in the development of these allergic diseases. Name two genes (or gene clusters) associated with atopic diseases that indicate a central role for CD4 T cells in these diseases.I figured out that TJ and his brother have chronic granulomatous disease with defective NADPH Oxidase, an X-linked mutation. In terms of treatments, as I looked up, these include lifelong regimens of antibiotics and antifungals to prevent infections; injection of interferon gamma; and bone marrow transplantation. Which would be the appropriate treatments for TJ's case?a) How does Venetoclax, a BH3 mimetic, function in increasing cellular death? In your answer make sure you include what molecules Venetoclax binds and how this helps trigger cell death. b) How would addition of a BH3 mimetic increase cytoplasmic p53-mediated cellular death?
- The head of the oncology divison of a large biotech company proposes to develop a therapeutic antibody to treat cancers with mutant B-Raf oncogene. Is this a good idea? Why or why not(limit 3-4 sentences)?What is the most significant difference between prion diseases and other diseases caused by amyloid type plaques, such as Alzheimer’s?Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited is an inheritent dominant disorder. The phenotype usually involves the production of many skin neurofibromas. Answer the following questions about the disorder: a) Are the NF1 neurofibromatosis-causing mutations that are inherited by affected children from affected parents likely to be loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations? b) Neurofibromin, the protein product of NF1, is associated with the Ras protein. Ras is involved in the transduction of extracellular signals from growth factors. The active form of Ras is complexed with GTP; the inactive form is complexed with GDP. Would the wild-type neurofibromin protein favor the formation of Ras-GTP or Ras-GDP? c) Which of the following events in a normal cell from an individual inheriting a neurofibromatosis-causing allele could cause the descendents of that cell to turn into a neurofibroma? i. A second point mutation in…
- MM, a 54-year old female presents to the Family Medicine Clinic due to a 2-week history of increasing shortness of breath and cough and mild/moderate pain in left side. She was diagnosed with infiltrating intraductal adenocarcinoma of the left breast 5 years ago; at that time, ER(-)/ PR(-); her-2/neu(+); p53(+); staged as having T3N1M0, stage IIIA, high-risk breast cancer. She underwent a modified radical mastectomy with axillary node dissection followed by 6 cycles of CMF chemotherapy. Her mother and sister also had a history of breast cancer. Past Medical History Gravida 4, para 4; menses onset age 13; HTN x 10 years; Type 2 DM x 8 years; breast CA described above; remained disease free until present follow up. Past Surgical History: Left modified radical mastectomy 5 years ago; cholecystectomy 14 years ago. Medications: Glyburide, 5mg PO BID Verapamil SR, 240mg PO daily Furosemide, 40mg PO daily Allergies: NKDA Physical Examination: GEN: Well-developed, obese woman in no…What is the difference between predominant and subordinate monoclonal genes? Note the different genetic ratios and name examples of both.Alpha-1 antitrypsin has codominant inheritance. M genes express normal levels. S and Z genes have low expression. Which of the following is most likely to develop emphyema? A person with: 1) two M genes who does smoke 2) two S genes who does smoke 3) one M and one S gene who does not smoke 4) one M gene and one S gene who does smoke 5) two M genes who does not smoke 6) two S genes who does not smoke