What settings and time are normally used for sterilization in an autoclave?

When it comes to controlling microbial growth in microbiology lab, why is autoclaving so vital? What does autoclaving kill (on a microbial level) and how does it do this (mechanism of action)?

What is the most difficult type of microbial cell or structure to kill? What methods can be used to sterilize a sample contaminated with these?

6) The autoclave desired Temperature to kill bacterial spores must be left for at least ____ in order to effectively kill the bacterial spores: a) 5 mins b) 10 mins c) 15 mins d) ½ hr e) 1 hr.7) The autoclave pressure must reach at least ________ in order to effectively kill the bacterial spores: a)15 PSI b) 15 Joules c) 15 KSI d) 15 Lbs e) 15 Atmospheres8) The antibiotic that inhibits the cell wall formation through the -Lactam ring is/are:a) Vancomycin b) Tetracycline c) Penicillin d) Cephalosporin e) c & d9) The sum of all chemical reactions in your body defines: a) anabolism b) metabolism c) catabolism d) Cellular Respiration e) Biosynthesis10) If in a bacterial growth medium waste product accumulates than the bacterial growth stage will be called: a) Death b) Convalescence c) Lag phase d) Log e) Stationary

What is the positive and negative results of Oxygen Requirements of Microorganisms technique? (Brief explanation)

Please explain why is 70% ethanol used as an effective disinfecting solution in labs? Why not 95% ethanol? Please include references.

Why should agar media be completely dissolved before they are dispensed in tubes and plates? What are the bases for pegging the temperature at 1210C for 15-30 minutes during moist heat sterilization and 1800C for two (2) hours using dry heat sterilization? Can you sterilize culture media using dry heat sterilization? Why is that so? You will notice in the videos shown, the cotton plug is not used. What is role of cotton plug in media prep, sterilization and culture of microorganisms?       Instead of using cotton plug, plastic screw-cap is used, can you substitute this for the former? Is it technically acceptable in microbiology?

You have found that the D-value (decimal reduction value) of an antimicrobial agent to be 4 minutes when the agent was exposed to a bacterial culture having an initial total viable cel1 count of 10° CFU/mL. After 4 minutes upon addition of the antimicrobial agent, what would have been the total viable count of the culture in this experiment? A) O 10° CFU/mL B) O 10$ CFU/mL C) O 10° CFU/mL D) O 10' CFU/mL