What is the smallest number of molecules of ATP and GTP consumed in the synthesis of a protein with 200 residues after mRNA synthesis, starting from amino acids? Assume that the hydrolysis of PP; is equivalent to the hydrolysis of ATP for this calculation. number of ATP molecules: number of GTP molecules: 400 800 Incorrect

Consider an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction S2 P, by the following simple reaction mechanism: k, E + S 2 E•S →E kcat + P Suppose the enzyme acquires a mutation that causes k1 to be 10-times smaller than for the wild-type (non-mutant) enzyme. Suppose you measure the initial reaction rate (vo) at several different [S] for the mutant and the wild-type enzymes. Under what conditions would the mutation have a greater effect on the reaction rate (vo) of the mutant enzyme compared to the wild-type enzyme - at very low [S], or at very high [S]? Explain briefly how you decided.

Please asnwer the following question:  Suppose you specifically want to measure the amount of beta-glucose present in a sample. You have an enzyme that reacts specifically with the beta form of the sugar,and produces a signal that is easy to measure. However, every time you try to measure the amount of beta-glucose, mutarotation occurs and the alpha form of the sugar is converted into beta!! Can you suggest a simple way of overcoming this problem so you could measure only the beta form of the sugar? HINT: Is there a way you can prevent mutarotation?

Many enzymes are switched "on" by attachment of a phosphate group at a specific serine somewhere on the protein (phosphorylation). The basic reaction is: E + ATP2 Ep + ADP Po SERINE PHOSPHO SERINC (Note the "squiggles" before the backone amide and carbonyl indicate the polypeptide chain continues on either side of the serine). For phosphorylation to have this effect, there has to be some equilibrium between inactive and active forms conformations of the enzyme: [Eactive] [Einactive] Einactive 2 Eactive; K* The same basic equilibrium must exist for the phosphorylated protein: [Ep,active] [Ep,inactive] EP,inactive 2 Ep,active; Kp = (a) If phosphorylation increases the measured activity of the enzyme, is K* or K larger? Why? (b) Does the phosphorylation site need to be near the site where the enzyme binds its substrate (e.g. the reactant whose chemistry it catalyzes)? Why or why not?

Mutations in adenylate kinase have led to a hyperactive enzyme that ultimately ends up elevating ADP levels in a cell.Calculate the EC (energy charge) given the following atypical adenylate concentrations for the cell containing the mutant adenylate kinase: ATP = 0.5 ??��, ADP = 12.2 ??��, AMP = 80 ??��.

Insulin resistance, as occurs in type 2 diabetes, may lead to increased ketone production and release into blood. Describe the biochemistry that links insulin resistance and ketone production. Compare the cellular energy (e.g. ATP) required and produced when glycogen is synthesize and hydrolyzed, respectively. Compare and contrast the mechanism of fatty acid synthase with translation. When young rats are placed on a totally fat acid free diet, they grow poorly, develop a scaly dermatitis, lose hair, and soon die these symptoms that can be prevented if plant material is included in the diet. Why?

The activity of the enzyme β-galactosidase produced bywild-type cells grown in media supplemented with different carbon sources is measured. In relative units, thefollowing levels of activity are found:Glucose Lactose Lactose + glucose0 100 1Predict the relative levels of β-galactosidase activity incells grown under similar conditions when the cells arelacI−, lacIS, lacO+, and crp−.

From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose  →  6CO2), how many total nucleotide triphosphates are yielded (be sure to deduct payback) as part of substrate level phosphorylation?

Which of the following would result in an increase in the amount of F-2,6-BP? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices high blood glucose activation of fructose bisphosphatase 2 increased phosphofructokinase 2 activity increased glucagon secretion increased phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme

For the following problem, indicate whether enzyme is repressed (-) or produced (+). Please show all possible outcomes.