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What is the role of Msx gene family in the development of the Neural crest and neural connectivity?
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- We know quite a bit about Notch/Delta and Hes gene oscillations during embryonic development. What do oscillations of these genes in the adult neural stem cell niche actually look like? How do these oscillations result in the progression from stem cell to neuron?Are these leading neural crest cells expressing membrane receptors orsecreting diffusible proteins that instruct the growing neuron to extend its axon in the direction of the neural crest cell?| What role does the synaptonemal complex play? How is this complex different from cohesins?
- In rats, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus undergoes greater a) apoptosis; females b) apoptosis; males c) neurogenesis; males d) neurogenesis; females inLateral inhibition and induction are key processes in embryonic development. Discuss two different signalling pathways involved in these processes,Do the developmental mechanisms in the information processing emphasize nature, nurture, or both? How?
- 1) Are NGN2-induced neurons (NGN2-iNs) the same as the cells in neural organoids? If not, how are they different? 2) Forced expression of the transcription factor neurogenin 2 (NGN2) induces human neurons, but to mature into electrophysiologically active neurons the require the presence of another cell type: what is that? 3)What kind of expression of NGN2 is associated with a central nervous system (CNS)-like cell? How do you know this?How are the molecular interactions between Hoxd13 and Hoxd11 and Shh and Gli3 in the limb different?During development, two neuronal axons can have different migration paths through the same brain area because the growing axons have receptors for different guidance molecules. O one of the migrating axons can only respond to long-range guidance molecules. the migrating axons have different cytoskeletal organizations in them. that brain area has only long-range guidance molecules. that brain area has only short-range guidance molecules.
- What specific molecular factors determine the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into different cell types during development?Which of the following is NOT true about the specification of the eye field? (Check all that apply) A ET induces RX, which in turn induces Otx2 and Pax6. B During late gastrulation, the forebrain and hindbrain are specified. Pax6 initiates the expression of a network of transcription factors, some of which mutually activate one another. D ET induces RX, which in turn induces Pax6 and blocks Otx2 within the eye field. ET induces RX, which in turn blocks Otx2 and Pax6. F During early gastrulation, Noggin promotes the expression of both ET and Otx2. During late gastrulation, Otx2 blocks the inhibition of ET by Noggin. H) It starts with neural induction when the neural plate is induced within the ectoderm. Pax6 is only required for the specification of the retina. During early gastrulation, Noggin indices Otx2 but blocks ET. E Feedback That's not correctOne of the key components in vertebrate limb development is the polarizing region, also known as the zone or polarizing activituy of ZPA. a) Where in the limb bud is this region? b) What axis of the limb does it help to specify? c) What properties of this region make it an organizing region d) Through which signaling molecule does it exert its effects? e) What is the evidence for the importance of this molecule?