What is the mechanism for elimination?

5 of 5 7. When a catalyst is added to a reaction the activation Energy is (increased or decreased), (more or less) energy is needed to react the new activated complex, and (more or less) collisions have sufficient energy to (increase or decrease) the reaction rate.

The acid-catalysed conversion of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) into its lactone, γ-butyrolactone (GBL) is a reversible reaction. The GHBA to GBL forward reaction is first-order with respect to the GHBA concentration; the GBL to GHBA reverse reaction is first-order with respect to the GBL concentration. An experimental study of the kinetics of this reaction was undertaken in 0.2 mol L​​​​​​​-1hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 298 K. The initial concentration of GHBA was 18.23 × 10-3mol L-1 . The concentration of GBL in solution was followed as a function of time (t), as indicated in Table B.3: Time/min 0 21 36 50 65 80 100 ∞ GBL Concentration / 10-3 L-1 0 2.41 3.73 4.96 6.10 7.08 8.11 13.28 Use the data in Table B.3 to determine the equilibrium constant and the first-order rate constants for both forward and reverse reactions.

Which species is a catalyst in the mechanism in #12?

Question: Relationship to reaction profiles: catalyst / enzymes lower activation energy Help please it better explain or example or links to better explain and understand

1. What is the difference between a transition state and an intermediate?