What is the mammalian stress response and what is its long-term impact on the immune system?

What is the trophoblast? What are three ways it prevents an immune response?

Although the innate immune system is found in all animals, some invertebrate and vertebrate characteristics differ. Identify the example that is ONLY true of the vertebrate innate immune system.   A. Some hemocytes can entrap or break down pathogens, whereas others produce defense molecules or antimicrobial peptides.   B. Barrier defenses, such as skin and exoskeletons, prevent pathogens and foreign particles from entering the animal’s body.   C. Toll transmembrane receptors activate the production and secretion of fungi-killing antimicrobial peptides.   D. Natural killer cells detect abnormal surface proteins and then release chemicals that cause cell death.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Trace amounts ofdioxin were present in Agent Orange, a defoliant sprayed onvegetation during the Vietnam War. Animal tests suggest thatdioxin can cause birth defects, cancer, liver and thymus damage,and immune system suppression, sometimes leading to death.But the animal tests are equivocal; a hamster is not affectedby a dose that can kill a guinea pig. Dioxin acts like a steroidhormone, entering a cell and binding to a cytoplasmic receptorthat then binds the cell’s DNA.(a) Discuss how this mechanism might help explain the variety of dioxin’s effects on different body systems and indifferent animals.(b) Discuss how you might determine whether a type of illnessis related to dioxin exposure. Next, discuss how you mightdetermine whether a particular individual became ill as aresult of exposure to dioxin. Which would be more difficultto demonstrate? Why?