1. What is the independent variable? How is it operationally defined?2. What type of variable is the independent variable (situational, response, participant, or mediating)?3. What is the dependent variable? How is it operationally defined?4. What type of variable is the dependent variable (situational, response, participant, or mediating)?5. Is it a nonexperimental or experimental design? Why? For each of the kinds of validity below, what concerns about that type of validity do you have with this study? If you don’t have any concerns about that kind of validity, then explain why you think the study does a good job addressing it. If you would need additional information to evaluate that kind of validity, specify what you would need to know.A. Construct validityB. Internal validityC. External validityD. Statistical conclusion validity AutoSavehappy - Compatibility Mode - Saved to my MacOFFHomeInsertDrawDesignLayoutReferencesMailingsReviewViewO Tell me1A ShareO CommentsGeorgiav 14• A AE - E v E v E EAa vAaBbCcDdEeAaBbCcDdEeAaBbCcDc AaBbCcDdE AaBbCcDc AaBbCcDdEeAaBbCcDdEe>B IU V ab x, xA v Iv A vE = ==PasteNo SpacingHeading 2StylesPaneNormalHeading 1TitleSubtitleSubtle Emph.Dictate7If you're happy and you know it, did you tweet?By LAURAN NEERGAARDAp Associated Pressupdated 9/29/2011 9:05:18 PM ETWASHINGTON – Twitter confirms it: People tend to wake up in a good mood and are happiest on weekends.The fast-paced forum is offering scientists a peek at real-time, presumably little-filtered human behavior and thoughts. Cornell Universityresearchers tumed to the microblog to study mood and found a pretty consistent pattem.The researchers analyzed English-language tweets from 2.4 million people in 84 countries, more than 500 million of the brief, conversation-likeexchanges sent over two years. They used a computer program that searched for words indicating positive mood – happy, enthusiastic,brilliant – or negative mood – sad, anxious, fear.What they found: Unless you're a night owl, a positive attitude peaks early in the morning and again near midnight, but starts to dip midmorningbefore rising again in the evening.Aha, you might think, going to work and related hassles like traffic explain that pattern. After all, there was more positive tweeting on theweekend, even though the morning peak of happy tweets occurred two hours later, probably because people slept late.Not quite. Work-related stress may play some role but it can't explain why that same midday dip occurs on the weekend, too, said leadresearcher Scott Golder, a Cornell graduate student. Instead, the pattern probably is due to the effects of sleep and our 24-hour biologicalclock, the so-called circadian rhythms that signal when it's time to sleep and to wake, Golder and Cornell sociologist Michael Macy reported.Their study appears in Friday's edition of the journal Science.The researchers also examined tweets in the United Arab Emirates, where Friday and Saturday are considered the weekend. Sure enough,they found the same daily pattern, even though the workday tends to begin earlier there than in the West, and the same weekend pattern.Previous research has linked the biological clock and mood, but was based mostly on small studies of American college students. There arecautions about studying Twitter postings, too: Their authors tend to be younger than the general population, and may be more affluent, bettereducated and different in yet-to-be-discovered ways.Still, the study's bigger message is about the scientific potential of social media, Macy said.Other researchers have tumed to Twitter to study political campaigning, to blog postings and Twitter feeds to study emotions, and to Googlesearches of flu symptoms to predict outbreaks.Page 1 of 1445 wordsEnglish (United States)O Focus138%白

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