What is the atom economy for the saponification reaction, assuming 100% yield (3 soap molecules for every triglyceride used)? Use the chart provided below- Stoichiometric Coefficient, Name of Starting MaterialAtomic Symbol, Quantity, Atomic Mass of each atomMass (Quantity Times Atomic Mass) of all atoms Atoms Utilized in ProductMass of Atoms Utilized in Product Atoms Wasted in Byproducts Mass of Atoms Wasted in Byproducts **Green Chemistry Institute** **American Chemical Society** **Atom Economy** **Page 3****Reaction: Saponification**The reaction involves a triglyceride molecule reacting with 3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molecules to produce glycerol and three sodium palmitate (a soap) molecules.The equation is as follows:\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O}\text{-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \] \[ \text{CH-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 + 3 \text{ NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_2\text{-OH} + 3 \text{ NaO-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \] \[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \] **General Reaction Mechanism for Saponification:****Step 1: Nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide**A hydroxide ion (\( \text{OH}^- \)) attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, resulting in a tetrahedral intermediate.\[ \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C=O} \\\text{|} \\\text{OR'}\end{array} + \text{OH}^- \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C-O}^- \\\text{|} \\\text{OR'} \\\text{|} \\\text{OH}\end{array} \]**Step 2: Leaving group leaves**The intermediate collapses, expelling the leaving group (\( \text{OR'}^- \)), leading to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group.\[ \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C-O}^- \\\text{|} \\\text{OR'} \\\text{|} \\\text{OH}\end{array} \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}\text{R-C=O} \\\text{|} \\\text{OH}\end{array} + \text{R'-O}^- \]**Step

Atom economy is a way of representing the efficiency of a reaction. The equation to calculate the atom economy is represented as follows-The given case involves the reaction between one mol of triglyceride of palmitic acid which is also known as glyceryl tripalmitate with 3 moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form 3 moles of sodium palmate and 1 mol of glycerol.The name and stoichiometric coefficient of the reactants are listed as follows-NameStoichiometric coefficientGlyceryl tripalmitate1Sodium hydroxide3The molecular formula of glyceryl tripalmitate can be represented as C51H98O9. The Atomic Symbol, quantity, and atomic mass of each atom on the reactant side is listed as follows-AtomSymbolQualityAtomic massCarbonC51 mol12.01 g/molHydrogenH101 mol1.008 g/molOxygenO9 mol15.999 g/molSodiumNa3 mol22.99 g/molThe total mass of each atom on the reactant side is listed as follows-AtomMassC51 mol×12.01 g/mol=612.51 gH101 mol×1.008 g/mol=101.808 gO9 mol×15.999 g/mol = 143.991 gNa3 mol×22.99 g/mol = 68.97 gThe desired product in the reaction is sodium palmitate and the molecular formula can be represented as C16H31O2Na. Since the number of moles of product formed is 3, the total number of atoms utilized in the product can be listed as-C = 48H = 93O = 6Na = 3 The total mass of each atom in the product is calculated as follows-AtomMassC48 mol×12.01 g/mol=576.48 gH93 mol×1.008 g/mol=93.744 gO6 mol×15.999 g/mol = 95.994 gNa3 mol×22.99 g/mol = 68.97 gThe byproduct is Glycerol which has 3 carbon (C) atoms, 8 hydrogen (H) atoms, and 3 oxygen (O) atoms. The mass of atoms wasted in byproducts is calculated as follows-AtomMassC3 mol×12.01 g/mol=36.03 gH8 mol×1.008 g/mol=8.064 gO3 mol×15.999 g/mol = 47.997 gThe atom economy is calculated using the above data as follows-Name of Starting Material, Stoichiometric CoefficientAtomic Symbol, Quantity, Atomic Mass of each atom (reactant side)The total mass of all atomsAtoms used in productMass of atoms used in productAtoms wasted in byproductsThe mass of atoms wasted in the byproducti. Glyceryl tripalmitate-1ii. Sodium hydroxide- 3Carbon (C)-51 mol, 12.01 g/molHydrogen (H)- 101 mol, 1.008 g/molOxygen (O)- 9 mol, 15.999 g/molSodium (Na)- 3 mol, 22.99 g/molC - 612.51 gH - 101.808 gO - 143.991 gNa- 68.97 g48 mol C93 mol H6 mol O3 mol NaC - 576.48 gH - 93.744 gO -95.994 gNa- 68.97 g3 mol C8 mol H3 mol OC - 36.03 gH - 8.064 gO -47.997 g Atom economy is calculated as 90.07 %

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Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Stoichiometric Coefficient, Name of Starting Material	Atomic Symbol, Quantity, Atomic Mass of each atom	Mass (Quantity Times Atomic Mass) of all atoms	Atoms Utilized in Product	Mass of Atoms Utilized in Product	Atoms Wasted in Byproducts	Mass of Atoms Wasted in Byproducts