Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Related questions
Concept explainers
Question
thumb_up100%
What is the atom economy for the saponification reaction, assuming 100% yield (3 soap molecules for every triglyceride used)? Use the chart provided below-
|
|
Atomic Symbol, Quantity, |
Mass (Quantity Times Atomic Mass) of all atoms |
Atoms Utilized in Product |
Mass of Atoms Utilized in Product |
Atoms Wasted in Byproducts |
Mass of Atoms Wasted in Byproducts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![**Green Chemistry Institute**
**American Chemical Society**
**Atom Economy**
**Page 3**
**Reaction: Saponification**
The reaction involves a triglyceride molecule reacting with 3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molecules to produce glycerol and three sodium palmitate (a soap) molecules.
The equation is as follows:
\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O}\text{-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \]
\[ \text{CH-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 + 3 \text{ NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_2\text{-OH} + 3 \text{ NaO-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \]
\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \]
**General Reaction Mechanism for Saponification:**
**Step 1: Nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide**
A hydroxide ion (\( \text{OH}^- \)) attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, resulting in a tetrahedral intermediate.
\[ \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C=O} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'}
\end{array} + \text{OH}^- \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C-O}^- \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} \]
**Step 2: Leaving group leaves**
The intermediate collapses, expelling the leaving group (\( \text{OR'}^- \)), leading to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group.
\[ \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C-O}^- \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C=O} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} + \text{R'-O}^- \]
**Step](https://content.bartleby.com/qna-images/question/a19fa31b-c6a1-4dda-95dc-44f8d9193b80/48e0ac63-3b98-48cd-b46c-86dfe66e82de/unnif7g_processed.jpeg)
Transcribed Image Text:**Green Chemistry Institute**
**American Chemical Society**
**Atom Economy**
**Page 3**
**Reaction: Saponification**
The reaction involves a triglyceride molecule reacting with 3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molecules to produce glycerol and three sodium palmitate (a soap) molecules.
The equation is as follows:
\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O}\text{-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \]
\[ \text{CH-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 + 3 \text{ NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_2\text{-OH} + 3 \text{ NaO-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \]
\[ \text{CH}_2\text{-O-C-(CH}_2)_\text{14}\text{-CH}_3 \quad \text{|} \]
**General Reaction Mechanism for Saponification:**
**Step 1: Nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide**
A hydroxide ion (\( \text{OH}^- \)) attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, resulting in a tetrahedral intermediate.
\[ \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C=O} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'}
\end{array} + \text{OH}^- \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C-O}^- \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} \]
**Step 2: Leaving group leaves**
The intermediate collapses, expelling the leaving group (\( \text{OR'}^- \)), leading to a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group.
\[ \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C-O}^- \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OR'} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} \rightarrow \begin{array}{c}
\text{R-C=O} \\
\text{|} \\
\text{OH}
\end{array} + \text{R'-O}^- \]
**Step
Expert Solution
This question has been solved!
Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.
This is a popular solution
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Step by stepSolved in 5 steps with 2 images
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Write the balanced chemical equation Convert reagent quantities into moles. Find the amount of product that would be produced by each reagentChapter Calculate the mass of product from the amount of limiting reagent. What mass of the non-limiting reagent is in excess?Calculate amount required for reaction, and subtract that fromamount added to reaction.arrow_forwardIn the balanced equation for the complete neutralization of phosphoric acid by calcium hydroxide, the mole:mole ratio of phosphoric acid to calcium hydroxide isarrow_forwardHi! I need help with these limiting reactants questions from my Chem class pleasearrow_forward
- A grease fire started on the stove, it was then covered completely with a fire blanket so that the fire goes out. Identify the limiting reactant in this situationarrow_forwardBalance the chemical equation and assume there is 0.500 mol of the first reactant listed to determine how many moles of the other reactants and product are need or produced . Barium hydroxide pentahydrate is dehydrated to generate barium oxide and water.arrow_forwardPlease correct answer and don't use hand ratingarrow_forward
- Magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to for magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas according to the following balanced equation. If 0.5003 g of magnesium react completely with an excess of hydrochloric acid, what mass of magnesium chloride will be produced?Mg + 2 HCl " MgCl2 + H2arrow_forwardFor the following reaction, 6.42 grams of oxygen gas are mixed with excess hydrogen sulfide. The reaction yields 1.97 grams of water. hydrogen sulfide (g) + oxygen water (1) sulfur dioxide (g) What is the theoretical yield of water ? | grams What is the percent yield of water ? %arrow_forwardFor the following reaction,0.118 moles of iron are mixed with 0.104 moles ofchlorine gas. What is the formula for the limiting reagent? What is the maximum amount of iron(III) chloride that can be produced? molesarrow_forward
- B. Stoichiometry and Percent Yield DATA 1. Mass of sodium carbonate 2. Mass of filter paper 3. Mass of dry filter paper and calcium carbonate product CALCULATIONS AND QUESTIONS (show all of your work) 1. Mass of dried product (actual yield) (Mass of dry filter paper and calcium carbonate product - mass of filter paper) 1.0 g 1.2g 2.69 2. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. (Ignore the hydrate in this equation) 2.89 3. Use stoichiometry to calculate the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate product based on the starting mass of sodium carbonate. 4. Calculate the percent yield of the reaction based on the actual yield of dried calcium carbonate product and the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate product. 11arrow_forwardWhat is the Actual yield and Percentage yield of calcium hydroxide?arrow_forward.2500 moles of dissolved silver nitrate is mixed with .2500 moles of dissolved sodium carbonate to make silver carbonate. what is the limiting reagent? What is the balanced molecular reaction equation?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning 
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781259911156
Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305577213
Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9780078021558
Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079373
Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. Hurley
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...
Chemistry
ISBN:9781118431221
Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. Bullard
Publisher:WILEY