What happens during the carbon fixation stage of the Calvin Cycle (light-indepedent reactions)? Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to form G3P molecules (which c be used to form other organic molecules such as glucose) Oxygen is produced through this process The remaining G3P molecules that have exited the cycle are used to re-form RuBP through a series of chemical reactions, so that the Calvin cycle can continue. The enzyme Rubisco attaches to RuBP, causing the formation of molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate
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- In the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, what specifically happens in the electron transport chain between Photosystem II and Photosystem I? The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem II is transferred to pheophytin and plastoquinones, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to plastocyanin. Plastocyanin then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem I. The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem I is transferred to pheophytin and plastoquinones, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to plastocyanin. Plastocyanin then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem II. The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem I is transferred to plastocyanin, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to pheophytin and plastoquinones. Plastoquinone then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem II.…Some of the electron transport carriers (the cytochromes) absorb light at characteristic wavelengths when they are carrying the extra electron from NADH but not when they give up the electrons to the next carrier. Thus, light absorption bands are all present when mitochondria are incubated in the absence of oxygen or when tyanide is present. Cyanide blocks the transfer of electrons from the last cytochrome to oxygen. When cyanide is absent and oxygen is introduced, the cytochromes stop absorbing light. There are three cytochromes in animal mitochondria, called a, b, and c. Another inhibitor of mitochor rial electron transfer is urethane. When urethane is added to aerobic mitochondria, cytochrome b begins to absorb light, but a and c do not. Finally, purified cytochrome c, even in the presence of oxygen, continues to absorb light. Use these observations to decide the order in which the cytochromes occur in the mitochondria.Which of the following correctly sequences the steps of non-cyclic electron transport? * Water is oxidized by the capture of light energy; these excited electrons are passed through the dark reactions, returning to chlorophyll during the final light reactions The ATP and NADPH generated by the reactions of photosystem Il and photosystem I are utilized by the Calvin Cycle to build high energy glucose molecules Electrons donated from water molecules pass through photosystem I then O photosystem II before returning to the chlorophyll molecules, generating ATP in the process Chlorophyll molecules absorb UV radiation exciting electrons which flow through photosystem I, returning to the chlorophyll molecules ) This is a required question
- Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are correct? 1. Absorption of light does one thing: it makes chlorophyll easier to oxidize. 2. In PSII, the rate of damage to the D1 protein can never exceeds the rate of repair. 3. Electron transport is spontaneous (exergonic) as electrons move from P680* to P700+. 4. Compared to anoxygenic photosynthesis, in oxygenic photosynthesis less light needs to be absorbed to reduce NADP+. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1,2,3 and 4 are correctWhich of the following statements related to the Calvin Cycle is CORRECT? Six molecules of G3P are produced for every three carbon dioxide that undergo calvin cycle Carbon dioxide is attached to 3-phosphoglycerate resulting is 2 RuBP The regeneration of RuBP is important because it is directly used for the production of starch, cellulose, and glucose. One molecule of G3P exits the calvin cycle and five is used to form glucose for the production of starch, cellulose, and sucrose.In the Light Reaction of Photosynthesis, the sun excites electrons in pigment molecules in the photosystems. These excited electrons and (H+ ions) go through electron transport systems. Keep in mind that if this process continued as stated, the pigment molecules would run out of electrons, but fortunately there is a way in which the excited electrons are replaced. Explain how the electrons are ultimately replaced and what the important byproduct is.
- Identify the chemical basis for ApH and AY across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane by dragging the descriptions to their targets. Be sure to notice that the upper arrow iindicates ApH and the lower arrow indicates ΔΨ. ATP synthase complex H+ N ADP + P₁ Light energy ATP H*N Photosystem I/II- Chloroplast N side Aus PN ApH T + Thylakoid membrane HTp H+p Lumen Stroma P side Proton circuit A B High H concentration Low positive charge High positive charge Low H+ concentration Within the image, identify the types of proton translocation by dragging each label to its target. O XH₂ 2H+ + Z 2 H* ZH₂ O XH₂ Z 2H+ ZH₂ 2H+ C A B Proton pump Redox loopWhat happens during the regeneration stage of the Calvin Cycle? Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to reduc 3-phosphoglycerate to form G3P molecules (which can be used to form other organic molecules such as glucose) The remaining G3P molecules that have not exited the cycle are used to re-form RuBP through a series of chemical reactions, so that the Calvin cycle can continue Oxygen is produced through this process The enzyme Rubisco attaches to CO2 to RuBP, causing the formation of molecules of 3-phosphoglyceratePhotorespiration is a multienzyme bypass of the Calvin cycle's CO2 fixation process in plants and all other oxygenic phototrophs. This bypass removes and recycles 2-phosphoglycolate, a damaging by- product of photosynthesis in the presence of O2, which is formed when 02 substitutes CO2 in the CO2 fixation pathway. According to a regional scale model, photorespiration currently reduces US soybean and wheat yields by 36% and 20%, respectively, and a 5% reduction in photorespiration losses would be worth around $500 million yearly in the United States. Can you forecast the costs and good advantages of C4 photosynthesis? What factors increase the likelihood that the benefits will outweigh the expenses in hot, dry areas in the United States?
- Which high energy molecules are needed to power the reactions of the Calvin- Benson cycle? OATP + WATER CO2 + WATER OATP+ NADPH O NADPH + CO2How many water molecules have to be split as part of the light reactions to produce enough ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)? STROMA (low H+ concentration) Light THYLAKOID SPACE (high H+ concentration) STROMA (low H+ concentration) Photosystem II 4 H+ H₂O 1 1/2 0₂ +2 H+ Thylakoid membrane Cytochrome complex Light Pq 4 H+ Photosystem I Pc ATP synthase ADP + H+ Fd M ATP NADP+ reductase NADP+ + H+ NADPH To Calvin CycleWhich of the following is NOT true of photosynthesis? Light-excited electrons in chlorophyll provide the energy for ATP production The light-independent (“dark”) reaction makes glucose from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, using energy trapped by the light-dependent reaction The light-dependent reaction captures electrons in NADPH, which are used for glucose synthesis in the light-independent (“dark”) reaction The light-independent (“dark”) reaction converts light energy to chemical energy stored in ATP None of the other four answers (all are true of photosynthesis)