What does positive assortive mating mean? a. Individuals that are different for a certain trait are more likely to mate b. Individuals that are alike for a certain trait are less likely to mate c. Individuals that are alike for a certain trait are more likely to mate d. Any individuals may mate randomly Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion

You discover a new species of reptile that can either lay eggs or have live birth. Rats and other small mammals consume the eggs in some areas. In which environment would you expect viviparity?  A. High abundance of rats  B. Low abundance of rats choose between a and b and also provide rationale

Give typed explanation not written How can we measure gene flow between discrete populations? a. By estimating the proportion of individuals in the populations that are immigrants. b. By estimating the migration variance (σm2). c. By counting the number of offspring each individual has. d. By counting the number of connected populations.

Assume you are studying a population of hummingbirds. You discover that the smallest hummingbirds can't keep their eggs warm and those eggs tend to fail. You also discover the largest hummingbirds tend to accidentally crush their eggs, so those eggs fail. The medium-size hummingbirds therefore have the highest fitness. What type of selection would this result in?   a. Directional selection   b. Sexual selection   c. Disruptive selection   d. Stabilizing selection

In dioecious plants, males usually produce larger flowers that attract more pollinators than do females. This is an example of a. character displacement b. sexual selection through female choice c. sexual selection through male-male competition d. divergence in resource use e. a cost of reproduction

Which statement best explains why an understanding of life-history trade-offs is important when examining the fitness of an organism? A. Because individuals may not be producing the maximum number of offspring they possibly can in any particular breeding season. B. Because in any particular breeding season, individuals may need to produce fewer offspring to enhance their own survival. C. Because individuals need to live longer, so they will not produce the maximum number of offspring each season. D. Because when individuals need offspring, they can choose whether to reproduce or not.

Sexual selection occurs whena. one sex has a higher fitness than the otherb. a species exhibits sexual dimorphismc. there is a male dominance hierarchy and only the alpha male reproduces. d. There is monogamous mating.e. A trait is favored by one sex such that individuals of the opposite sex possessing that trait have an increased likelihood of reproducing.

Suppose a species of butterfly split into two species by a vicariance event. Are the male or female offspring likely to show reduced fitness (i.e., sterility or inviability) if the two species come back into contact in the future? Explain why one or the other would show reduced fitness.