What are the steps in nitrate reduction as carried outby Pseudomonas species? What is this metabolic processcalled?

When do the regulators CtrA and GcrA carry out their mainroles during the Caulobacter life cycle?

32. Paracoccus denitrificans is a Gram-negative denitrifying bacterium capable of aerobic and anaerobic processes. When oxygen is depleted, nitrate is reduced into nitrous oxide (N2O) and eventually to divalent nitrogen (gas). Which of the following statements is TRUE given the figure below? NO₂+2H NO+H₂O NO+2H N+H₂O NO₂ N₂O Periplasm RED RED 4H 2H"2H" 2NO+2H NO+H₂O Cyt DH NOR bc₁ NAD NO; +H₂O Cytoplasm Figure 1. Respiratory elements of P. denitrificans The figure is redrawn from similar schemes by Ferguson and Zumft. Abbreviations: AP, antiporter; NAR, nitrate reductase b; UQ, ubiquinone; DH, NADH dehydrogenase; Cyt bcl, cytochrome bcl complex; NOR, NO reductase; NO2- RED, nitrite reductase; N2O RED, N2O reductase; Cyt c550, cytochrome c550. Ⓒ Strohm et al., 2007 a. Oxidation of nitrate subsequently reduces water. O b. Nitrite (NO-2) is further reduced to N2 in the cytoplasm. O c. The electron transport chain in the figure is found in the mitochondrial matrix. O d. The electron…

What are some of the reasons for a gram-variable reaction?