What are avirulence genes?a. plant genes that encode proteins that prevent infection (virulence)b. plant genes that cause infection when the proteins they encode bindto pathogen elicitorsc. pathogen genes that prevent the pathogens from causing plantdiseased. pathogen genes that encode elicitors that foster diseasein plantse. None of the above correctly describes avirulence genes.

Name 3 plant extracts that have demonstrated their significant antifungal activity against a broad range of fungal human pathogens. (Select all that apply) Choose at least one answer. a. fennel b. cilantro c. thyme d. basil

List five response variables that should be determined in a callus induction experiment

4. A student investigated the effect of plant growth substances (IAA and GA) on the elongation of pea stems, the students marked a 10mm length of stem on each of four plants and applied growth substances to the stem. Figure 2 shows a graph of the student's results. Length of stem section (mm) 161 14- 12- 10+ 0 Describe b) c) Suggest a suite 10 ************ 20 30 Time (h) 40 IAA and GA IAA GA control 50 60 minem & wth of the co crease in length of 4.9mm. The movime after application of growth substances was 4.2min. Calculate the percentage mereas (2) treatment for the control (2 d) Suggest how the student could have improved their investigation (5) sepere *********** ************