We noted in Chapter 10 that dogs are believed to benefit when they pant by breathing at a fixed resonant frequency. Although dogs inhale and exhale exclusively through the nose when not under heat stress, they exhale orally to some (variable) extent when panting. Air exhaled by way of the mouth remains nearly at deep-body temperature. Explain how a panting dog could vary its rate of evaporative cooling—even while breathing at a fixed frequency—by modulating how much it exhales by way of its nose or mouth.

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