"Vocal learning is a central functional constituent of human speech, and recent studies showing that adult male mice emit ultrasonic sound sequences characterized as "songs" have suggested that the ultrasonic courtship sounds of mice provide a mammalian model of vocal learning. We tested whether mouse songs are learned, by examining the relative role of rearing environment in a cross-fostering experiment. We found that C57BL/6 and BALB/c males emit a clearly different pattern of songs with different frequency and syllable compositions; C57BL/6 males showed a higher peak frequency of syllables, shorter intervals between syllables, and more upward frequency modulations with jumps, whereas BALB/c malesproduced more "chevron" and "harmonics" syllables. To establish the degree of environmental influences in mouse song development, sons of these two strains were cross-fostered to another strain of parents. Songs were recorded when these cross-fostered pups were fully developed and their songs were compared with those of male mice reared by the genetic parents. The cross- fostered animals sang songs with acoustic characteristics - including syllable interval, peak frequency, and modulation patterns - similar to those of their genetic parents. In addition their song elements retained sequential characteristics similar to those of their genetic parents' songs." Given the results of this experiment, which of the following is correct? O Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on environmental variation. Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on genetic variation. Mouse song phenotypic variation is driven equally by environmental variation and genetic variation.

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KEY: Hydrophobic interactions: Salt bridge: Covalent bonds: Hydrogen bonding: Metal ion coordination: 9. 10What components of the plasma membrane might you drug interact with? Explain can use as many components as you need (may need more or less). Component 1 and why: Component 2 and why: Component 3 and why:

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