"Vocal learning is a central functional constituent of human speech, and recent studies showing that adult male mice emit ultrasonic sound sequences characterized as "songs" have suggested that the ultrasonic courtship sounds of mice provide a mammalian model of vocal learning. We tested whether mouse songs are learned, by examining the relative role of rearing environment in a cross-fostering experiment. We found that C57BL/6 and BALB/c males emit a clearly different pattern of songs with different frequency and syllable compositions; C57BL/6 males showed a higher peak frequency of syllables, shorter intervals between syllables, and more upward frequency modulations with jumps, whereas BALB/c malesproduced more "chevron" and "harmonics" syllables. To establish the degree of environmental influences in mouse song development, sons of these two strains were cross-fostered to another strain of parents. Songs were recorded when these cross-fostered pups were fully developed and their songs were compared with those of male mice reared by the genetic parents. The cross- fostered animals sang songs with acoustic characteristics - including syllable interval, peak frequency, and modulation patterns - similar to those of their genetic parents. In addition their song elements retained sequential characteristics similar to those of their genetic parents' songs." Given the results of this experiment, which of the following is correct? O Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on environmental variation. Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on genetic variation. Mouse song phenotypic variation is driven equally by environmental variation and genetic variation.
"Vocal learning is a central functional constituent of human speech, and recent studies showing that adult male mice emit ultrasonic sound sequences characterized as "songs" have suggested that the ultrasonic courtship sounds of mice provide a mammalian model of vocal learning. We tested whether mouse songs are learned, by examining the relative role of rearing environment in a cross-fostering experiment. We found that C57BL/6 and BALB/c males emit a clearly different pattern of songs with different frequency and syllable compositions; C57BL/6 males showed a higher peak frequency of syllables, shorter intervals between syllables, and more upward frequency modulations with jumps, whereas BALB/c malesproduced more "chevron" and "harmonics" syllables. To establish the degree of environmental influences in mouse song development, sons of these two strains were cross-fostered to another strain of parents. Songs were recorded when these cross-fostered pups were fully developed and their songs were compared with those of male mice reared by the genetic parents. The cross- fostered animals sang songs with acoustic characteristics - including syllable interval, peak frequency, and modulation patterns - similar to those of their genetic parents. In addition their song elements retained sequential characteristics similar to those of their genetic parents' songs." Given the results of this experiment, which of the following is correct? O Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on environmental variation. Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on genetic variation. Mouse song phenotypic variation is driven equally by environmental variation and genetic variation.
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Transcribed Image Text:Read the abstract excerpt taken from Dr. Takefumi Kikusui's paper describing the results of a cross
fostering experiment published in PLOS ONE in 2011. Use this information to answers the question.
"Vocal learning is a central functional constituent of human speech, and recent studies showing that adult
male mice emit ultrasonic sound sequences characterized as "songs" have suggested that the ultrasonic
courtship sounds of mice provide a mammalian model of vocal learning.
We tested whether mouse songs are learned, by examining the relative role of rearing environment in a
cross-fostering experiment.
We found that C57BL/6 and BALB/c males emit a clearly different pattern of songs with different
frequency and syllable compositions; C57BL/6 males showed a higher peak frequency of syllables,
shorter intervals between syllables, and more upward frequency modulations with jumps, whereas
BALB/c malesproduced more "chevron" and “harmonics" syllables. To establish the degree of
environmental influences in mouse song development, sons of these two strains were cross-fostered to
another strain of parents. Songs were recorded when these cross-fostered pups were fully developed
and their songs were compared with those of male mice reared by the genetic parents. The cross-
fostered animals sang songs with acoustic characteristics - including syllable interval, peak frequency, and
modulation patterns - similar to those of their genetic parents. In addition their song elements retained
sequential characteristics similar to those of their genetic parents' songs."
Given the results of this experiment, which of the following is correct?
Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on environmental variation.
Mouse song phenotypic variation is primarily based on genetic variation.
Mouse song phenotypic variation is driven equally by environmental variation and genetic variation.
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