Using your knowledge of Bayes’ Theorem, solve the following. A patient goes to see a doctor. The doctor performs a test where 95% of people who are sick test positive and 99% of the healthy people test negative. The doctor knows that only 1 percent of the people in the country are sick. (a) What is the false positive rate? (b) The false negative rate? (c) If the patient tests positive, what are the chances the patient is sick?
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Using your knowledge of Bayes’ Theorem, solve the following. A patient goes to see a doctor. The doctor performs a test where 95% of people who are sick test positive and 99% of the healthy people test negative. The doctor knows that only 1 percent of the people in the country are sick.
(a) What is the false positive rate?
(b) The false negative rate?
(c) If the patient tests positive, what are the chances the patient is sick?
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- Two new tests (A and B) have been developed to diagnose gout. The following tables provide information on the number of individuals testing positive or negative and their true status: Calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values for both tests. b) Imagine a situation where the consequences of false negative test results are worse than a false positive test. For example, patients that have gout but test negative may not be treated properly and develop other complications. Which test would you use in this situation? Why?The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form:(a) MALT (b) CMI (c) AIDS (d) NACO (e) HIVA cat presents with suspected acute, severe sepsis. The veterinarian asks you to draw up a dose of IV gentamicin. The dosage for a cat with acute sepsis is 2.2 mg/kg. Calculate the dose for an 8-lb cat. The concentration of gentamicin is 50 mg/ml. Show me your calculation Please note that: 1Kg= 2.2 lb
- The drugs you evaluated in your disc susceptibility tests have different potencies (see table C1; disc content). Which ONE of the following options, based on the laboratory data alone, is the most approapriate in the treatment of a patient with a UTI ? Select one: A. All the above drugs (A, B, C and D) could be considered B. Trimethoprim (zone size 30 mm) C. Ampicillin (zone size 25 mm) D. Amoxicillin (zone size 15 mm) E. Cephalexin (zone size 25 mm)Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS) can cure AIDS, Ebola, cancer, and malaria. Or at least that the website tells potential customers. The inventor and chief advocate of the products is Jim Humble. There is little evidence to support the fact that MMS does anything to patients aside from making them feel worse than they did before they tried it. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is typical in its conclusions about the so-called miracle drug. The FDA is typical in its conclusions about the so-called miracle drug. The FDA identifies it as 28 percent sodium chlorite, which , when mixed with an acid (as recommended), produces a potent form of bleach. The product’s labels suggest high oral doses for the minimum effect. The FDA states the oral doses will produce nothing but nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and diarrhea. Humble claims to have “treated” 100,000 patients in Mexico and other parts of the world. It is also clear that MMS has been used on pancreatic and lung cancer patients…Your Medical Science degree goes well and eventually you become a General Practitioner. Based on all the information currently available, you estimate that the patient in your office has a one in four chance of having a particular serious disease. You order a diagnostic test with sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 90%. The result comes back positive. Based on all the information now available, the chance your patient really has the disease is closest to: Select one: a. 55% b. 75% c. 85% d. 65%
- (a) Which of the following would best describe the reasoning of the physicians prescribing placebos in the Times article and why? Would this reasoning correspond to the principle of double effect and why? X: Prescribing a placebo Y: Alleviate patient pain Z: Deceive the patient I am doing X in order to Z, and Y results. I am doing X in order to Y, and Z results (b) To what extent are patients in the Times article giving their informed consent? As I’ve encouraged in the lecture notes, it is useful to think of informed consent in terms of the four components of autonomy enumerated in Chapter 1. Do the patients to whom these placebos are prescribed exhibit all of those components? Why or why not? (c) Would withholding information from the patients in the Times article be justified under either of the two exceptions to disclosure outlined in Canterbury v. Spence?A researcher is conducting an experiment testing whether a new pharmaceutical drug is able to effectively treat heartburn and has a physician assisting with the study involving volunteers who experience chronic heartburn. Which of the following descriptions most closely describes the control used in this study? Show answer choices The researcher has organized the patients into 4 groups, where patients either take 1 dose of the drug, 2 doses of the drug, 1 dose of the placebo, or 2 doses of the placebo. The physician asks patients to rate their heartburn discomfort on a scale from 1-10 every 5 minutes up to an hour. The physician and patients both do not know if they are receiving the actual drug or a placebo. The placebo pill contains just compressed sugar and no active drug. Patients are randomly selected and placed into the four categories.You are performing an experiment to diagnose three patients who are ill. In a hematology lab, you run a CBC using the hematology analyzer on all 3 of your patience blood samples, once you collect that data, you then conduct a blood smear/stain to get a better look at the 3 patients blood cells and compare those results to those of the CBC report. You conclude that patient 1 has malaria, patient 2 has sickle cell anemia, and patient 3 has hemophilia. Can you Identify your independent, dependent and controlled variables?
- Read the following study, construct the appropriate 2x2 table for evaluating a screening test, and calculate the listed statistics. Be sure to show your work. A new screening tool is being tested in European airports detect travelers who are suffering from a febrile rash illness in order to prevent passengers with measles from crossing into a different country. Three thousand (3,000) individuals were screened using this tool. All 3,000 individuals were also tested for measles using a laboratory test. There were 300 people who were positive using the screening test. There were 210 people who were positive for measles using the laboratory test. Among those with a positive laboratory test for measles, 20 tested negative with the screening tool (false negatives). 2x2 table + - Total + A B A+B - C D C+D Total A+C B+D A+B+C+D List the values for each cell: A, B, C, D, A+B, C+D, A+C, B+D, A+B+C+D Calculate the sensitivity of the test.…47. (I) The purpose of screening is to identify symptomatic cases of disease. (II) Screening is conducted toreduce morbidity and improve survival.A. BOTH statements are CORRECT.B. BOTH statements are INCORRECT.C. FIRST statement in INCORRECT; SECOND is CORRECT.D. FIRST statement is CORRECT; SECOND is INCORRECT.48. (I)The predictive value positive is more influenced by the specificity than the sensitivity of the screening test.(II) The specificity of a screening test determines the number of false-positive results.A. BOTH statements are CORRECT.B. BOTH statements are INCORRECT.C. FIRST statement in INCORRECT; SECOND is CORRECT.D. FIRST statement is CORRECT; SECOND is INCORRECT.Assuming that there is a certain new vaccine used in the Philippines. The clinical results were: 200 patients were tested and there were 250 true positives, 50 true negatives, 8 false positives, and 12 false negatives. What is the specificity and sensitivity of the new vaccine? Compute for the predictive value of the vaccine. Is the vaccine recommended for release?