Use principles of atomic structure to answer each of the following: (1] (a) The radius of the Ca atom is 197 pm; the radius of the Ca2* ion is 99 pm. Account for the difference. (b) The lattice energy of CaO(s) is –3460 kJ/mol; the lattice energy of K20 is –2240 kJ/mol. Account for the difference. (c) Given these ionization values, explain the difference between Ca and K with regard to their first and second ionization energies. Element First lonization Energy (kJ/mol) Second lonization Energy (kJ/mol) K 419 3050 Ca 590 1140 (d) The first ionization energy of Mg is 738 kJ/mol and that of Al is 578 kJ/mol. Account for this difference.

Consider the following data for silver: atomic mass 107.87 g/mol electronegativity 1.93 electron affinity 125.6 kJ/mol ionization energy 731.0 kJ/mol heat of fusion 11.3 kJ/mol Does the following reaction absorb or release energy? (1) Ag(g) -> Ag+(g) + e- Is it possible to calculate the amount of energy absorbedor released by reaction (1) using only the data above? If you answered yes to the previous question, enter theamount of energy absorbed or released by reaction (1): Does the following reaction absorb or release energy? (2) Ag- (g) -> Ag(g) + e-  Is it possible to calculate the amount of energy absorbedor released by reaction (2) using only the data above? If you answered yes to the previous question, enter theamount of energy absorbed or released by reaction (2):

Consider the following data for sulfur: atomic mass 32.066 g/mol electronegativity 2.58 electron affinity 200.4 kJ/mol ionization energy 999.6 kJ/mol heat of fusion 1.73 kJ/mol Does the following reaction absorb or release energy? (1) S+(g)+ e- -> S(g) Is it possible to calculate the amount of energy absorbedor released by reaction (1) using only the data above? If you answered yes to the previous question, enter theamount of energy absorbed or released by reaction (1): Does the following reaction absorb or release energy? (2) S(g) + e- -> S-(g) Is it possible to calculate the amount of energy absorbedor released by reaction (2) using only the data above? If you answered yes to the previous question, enter theamount of energy absorbed or released by reaction (2):

Given the following information, use the Kapustinskii equation (shown below and included in the additional information sheet I encouraged you to download and have available) to calculate the lattice energy for Cr2S3 in kJ/mol. Ionic radii:  Cr3+  (62 pm),  S2−  (184 pm) d* = 34.5 pm Κ = 1.21 × 105 kJ pm/mol

Write the formula for the compound formed when the sulfate anion (SO 42 −) combines with a cation from each of the following elements: (a) magnesium; (b) sodium; (c) nickel; (d) aluminum; (e) lithium.

Consider an ionic compound, MX,3, composed of generic metal M and generic gaseous halogen X. • The enthalpy of formation of MX, is AH; = -763 kJ/mol. • The enthalpy of sublimation of M is AHgub 169 kJ/mol. • The first, second, and third ionization energies of M are IE1 619 kJ/mol, IE2 = 1667 kJ/mol, and IE3 = 2525 kJ/mol. • The electron affinity of X is AHEA -307 kJ/mol. (Refer to the hint). • The bond energy of X, is BE = 181 kJ/mol. Determine the lattice energy of MX,. AHjattice kJ/mol II

Write the empirical formula of at least four binary ionic compounds that could be formed from the following ions: 2+ Zn*, v°*, F¯, O²- 0,..

Predict the chemical formulas of the compounds formed bythe following pairs of ions: (a) Cr3+ and Br-, (b) Fe3+ and O2-,(c) Hg22+ and CO32-, (d) Ca2+ and ClO3-, (e) NH4+ and PO43-.

Arrange in order of increasing nonmetallic character. (Use the appropriate <, =, or > symbol to separate substances in the list.) (a) the Period 4 elements V, Ge, and K (b) the Group 5A elements N, As, and Bi       Arrange in order of increasing atomic size. (Use the appropriate <, =, or > symbol to separate substances in the list.) (a) the Period 3 elements Mg, Si, and Ar (b) the Group 2A elements Ca, Ba, and Sr