Under anaerobic conditions where does the NAD⁺ necessary for the complete oxidation of glucose come from? a. oxidation of acetaldehyde b. reduction of pyruvate c. reduction of lactate d. oxidation of ethanol
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1. Under anaerobic conditions where does the NAD⁺ necessary for the complete oxidation of glucose come from?
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- Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.1. Explain the Chemiosmotic theory with regard to ATP generation in oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Explain how Phosphorylase activation differs between the liver and the muscle. What is the role of Epinephrine in Glycogen metabolism. 3. List all the materials required for beta-oxidation of cholesterol from six-carbon intermediate Mevalonate.Match the coenzymes and/or substrates with their corresponding glycolytic enzymes. Note that an enzyme can match with more than one coenzyme or substrate in the list. ATP NAD+ Dihydroxyacetone phosphate A. Glucose 1-dehydrogenase B. Phosphofructokinase-1 C. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase D. ATPase E. Triose phosphate isomerase
- 1. Answer the following questions: a. A substance produced from pyruvate that is a precursor in the citric acid cycle and in the formation of glucose is? a. ketoglutarate b. oxaloacetate c. lactate d. malate e. fumarate b. In the early fasting stage, glucose for the brain and red blood cells are supplied by reserves. C. phosphorylation produces 2 ATP, phosphorylation produces a lot of ATPA major pathway for metabolism of ethanol is shown below. Humans consuming a large fraction of their calories in the form of ethanol may become hypoglycemic. This is because: Ethanol is a good solvent, and it dissolves the membranes of the mitochondria, where some of the gluconeogenic enzymes reside. b. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits pyruvate kinase, by consuming NAD. d. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits lactate dehydrogenase, by consuming NAD. f. The assertion in the question is incorrect, because acetyl-CoA can be used for synthesis of glucose. g. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits pyruvate carboxylase, by consuming NAD. h. Ethanol metabolism indirectly inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, by consuming NAD.10. General equation of anaerobic oxidation of glucose.
- Identify the conversion which is not involved in glycolysis. a.Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase b.Triose phosphate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglyceromutase c.PEP to pyruvic acid by pyruvate kinase d.Sucrose to glucose and fructose by invertase1. Using your own diagram, illustrate the reactions that take place within thepyruvate dehydrogenase complex (including all enzymes and coenzymes) anddiscuss the role of the enzymes involved. 2. Graphically represent all the regulatory mechanisms of the citric acid cycle and discuss their effect on the cycle.If glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is active, calculate the number of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of: a. cerotic acidb. heptadecanoic acidc. palmitoleic acid
- a. In the TCA cycle, which of the following combines with acetyl CoA to form a 6-carbon compound? i. oxaloacetate ii. thiamine iii. glucose iv. pyruvate b. The last step in glycolysis is the transfer of phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. i. True ii. FalseA. What is substrate level phosphorylation. B. Although oxygen does not participate directly in the citric acid cycle , the cycle only operates when oxygen is present. Why is this so so ? C.describe how hibernating animals and new born babies are able to keep warm without shivering. D. What is the metabolic purpose of hexose monophospate shunt pathway E.hg does G6PD deficient individuals have increase in resistance to malaria?Regulation of fatty acid metabolism is shown by the following strategies. Which statement is NOT true? Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids occur in the tochondria while fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm. Reducing power is supplied by NADPH in the cytoplasm Acetyl CoA is produced in the mitochondria, which is not permeable to this metabolite and requires an elaborate mechanism for transport.D. ATP is required in fatty acid synthesis but not in its breakdown, which produces it. ATP is required in fatty acid synthesis but not in its breakdown, which produces it. Enzymes found in the cytosol catalyzes fatty acid synthesis, while enzymes localized in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes oxidation.
