Two autosomal loci control horn color in unicorns. Pure-breeding gold-horned unicorns were mated to pure-breeding bronze unicorns. The F1 were all silver. The F2 generation consisted of 9 gold, 7 bronze, and 22 silver unicorns. Use these data to hypothesize the type of epistasis that is operating here. Ho: The mode of inheritance for horn color in unicorns is A larger experiment was conducted to test the null hypothesis. The F2 generation in the larger data set consisted of 126 bronze-horned unicorns, 166 gold horned unicorns and 392 silver horned unicorns. Conduct the Chi-square test using the larger data set. Round all expected numbers correctly to three decimal digits. The expected number of Gold Unicorns is The expected number of Silver Unicorns is The expected number of Bronze Unicorns is Rounded to three decimal digits, the calculated chi-square value is The number of degrees of freedom for this test is Rounded to two decimal digits, the critical value is The statistical conclusion Reject the null hypothesis Fail to reject the null hypothesis

Migraine and Acupuncture: A migraine is a particularly painful type of headache, which patients sometimes wish to treat with acupuncture. To determine whether acupuncture relieves migraine pain, researchers conducted a randomized controlled study where 164 patients diagnosed with migraine headaches were randomly assigned to one of two groups: treatment or control. 70 patients in the treatment group received acupuncture that is specifically designed to treat migraines. 94 patients in the control group received placebo acupuncture (needle insertion at non-acupoint locations). 24 hours after patients received acupuncture, they were asked if they were pain free. Results are summarized in the contingency table below. Test to see if migraine pain relief is dependent on receiving acupuncture. Use a = 0.05. Pain Free: Yes Pain Free: No Total Treatment Control Total 19 51 70 9 85 94 28 136 164 a) What is the correct null hypothesis? O Ho: P1 P2 P3 = P4 O Ho: Migraine pain relief is dependent on…

A study indicates that CB radio use speeds up activity in the brain. As part of a randomized crossover study, 36 participants were fitted with a CB radio device on each ear and then underwent two positron emission topography, or PET, scans to measure brain glucose metabolism. During one scan, the CB radios were both turned off. During the other scan, an automated 40- minute muted signal was sent to the radio on the right ear. The order of when the signal was received (for the first or second scan) was randomized. Comparison of the PET scans showed a minor increase in activity in the part of the brain closest to the antenna during the transmission of the automated signal. Was this an observational study or an experiment? Explain why. O The study is an observational study because the reseashers cannot control the response variable during the signal. O The study is an observational study because the researchers only observe values of the response and explanatory variables. O The study is…

Migraine and Acupuncture: A migraine is a particularly painful type of headache, which patients sometimes wish to treat with acupuncture. To determine whether acupuncture relieves migraine pain, researchers conducted a randomized controlled study where 161 patients diagnosed with migraine headaches were randomly assigned to one of two groups: treatment or control. 65 patients in the treatment group received acupuncture that is specifically designed to treat migraines. 96 patients in the control group received placebo acupuncture (needle insertion at non-acupoint locations). 24 hours after patients received acupuncture, they were asked if they were pain free. Results are summarized in the contingency table below. Test to see if migraine pain relief is dependent on receiving acupuncture. Use αα = 0.05.   Pain Free: Yes Pain Free: No Total Treatment 13 52 65 Control 5 91 96 Total 18 143 161   b) Fill in the expected values, round answers to at least 4 decimal places.…