Transplant operations have become routine and one common transplant operation is for kidneys. The most dangerous aspect of the procedure is the possibility that the body may reject the new organ. There are several new drugs available for such circumstances and the earlier the drug is administered, the higher the probability of averting rejection. The New England Journal of Medicine recently reported the development of a new urine test to detect early warning signs that the body is rejecting a transplanted kidney. However, like most other tests, the new test is not perfect. In fact, 20% of people who do reject the transplant test negative, and 7% of people who do not reject the transplant test positive. Physicians know that in about 30% of kidney transplants the body tries to reject the organ. If the new test has a positive result (indicating early warning of rejection), what is the probability that the body is attempting to reject the kidney?

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Teenagers who do not sleep well or long enough may have a higher risk of raised blood pressure, which could lead to cardiovascular disease later in life. The odds of raised blood pressure increase 3.5 times for those who have trouble falling asleep at night or who wake up too early and 2.5 times for those with sleeping periods of fewer than 6.5 hours. A health psychologist is interested in studying teenagers who have diastolic blood pressure scores in the top 20%. Diastolic blood pressure scores for teenagers follow a normal distribution with μ = 72 and σ = 10. Use the Distributions tool to help answer the questions that follow.     The minimum z-score necessary to be in the top 20% of the diastolic blood pressure distribution is z =0.842   .   Use this z-score to determine X, the corresponding diastolic blood pressure score. X = 80.42      This score, X, is the 80th    percentile of diastolic blood pressure scores among teenagers. The percentile rank of this score is 80%…

A researcher takes a sample of 50 individuals and administers a background check to identify the number of prior arrests for each person. For whatever reason, one person is removed from the analysis and another random person is selected to replace that person. Having no additional information, what is your best guess of the number of prior arrests experienced by the replacement person? Why?

College Board, the company that runs AP testing, wants to expand access to AP courses. Some schools require that students takethe AP exam at the end of the course while others leave the AP exam as optional. A random sample of 200 students from schoolswhere AP exams are required had 84 students currently enrolled in at least one AP course. Another random sample of 190students from schools where the AP exam is optional had 98 students currently enrolled in at least one AP course.(a) College Board want to test the claim that requiring the AP exam lowers the proportion of students who enroll in at least oneAP course. Carry out a test of this claim at the 5% level of significance. (b) Based on your decision in part (a), what error may have been made, a Type I or Type II error? Give a consequence of thaterror. (c) Interpret the p-value from part (a) in the context of this question.

Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. Suppose 10 women are given mammograms. What is the probability that at least 1 woman will have a false positive test?

You are hiking through the woods, and come across some tracks; based on your expe- rience, you estimate there is a 40% chance the tracks are from a dog, a 30% chance the tracks are from a wolf, a 20% chance the tracks are from a coyote, and a 10% chance the tracks are from some other animal. Your friend, also a nature lover, notices some white hairs in the tracks. They know that 20% of dogs have white hair, 50% of wolves have white hair, 10% of coyotes have white hair, and 30% of other animals in the area have white hair. What are the odds of these tracks coming from a dog, wolf, coyote, or other animal?

A study was conducted in Thailand to study the association between Vitamin A deficiency and death among children with measles. A summary of their data is provided below. Which of the following statements is true?   Died  Did not die Have Vitamin deficiency  20 20 Do not have vitamin deficiency  25 100 Those without vitamin D deficiency are more likely to die than those with Vitamin D deficiency  There is no association between Vitamin D deficiency and death  Those with Vitamin D deficiency are more likely to die than those without Vitamin D deficiency  None of these answers are co

The Literary Digest was an American magazine that ran from 1890–1938.  The magazine was famous for correctly predicting presidential winners since 1916 based on poll results.  In 1936, however, it erroneously predicted that Alfred Landon would defeat Franklin Delano Roosevelt.  This fiasco ultimately resulted in the magazine going out of business.   The reason for The Literary Digest’s incorrect results has been studied throughout the years and is a famous example in statistics classes.  One reason that researchers have found for the faulty results is that even though the magazine polled ten million people, the return rate of the surveys was around 23%.  What type of bias is this?     voluntary response bias     non-response bias     self-interest study     loaded questions     sampling bias     perceived lack of anonymity     response bias

Can you please answer all of the questions in the picture please. Explain and show your work ON PICTURES PLEASE! IT'S EASY TO UNDERTAND.