The virus causing the 2009 Flu Pandemic contained sequences from bird, pig, and humans. Why? The infected individuals happened to be infected with all three virus types. ) The human was likely infected with various bacterial strains that contained all three RNA viruses. The virus was descended from a common ancestor of bird, pig, and human flu viruses. Related viruses can undergo genetic recombination if the RNA genomes mix and match during viral assembly.

All HPV are non-enveloped double stranded DNA viruses. Their genomes are circular and approximately 8 kilobase pairs in size. Most encode eight major proteins, 6 located in the “early” region and 2 in the “late” region. The “early” proteins are regulatory in function.... Can you please elaborate about the HPV genome in more detail that what I posted above?  Thanks.

You identify a new bacterial species in the koi pond between the Curry Student Center and Robinson Hall and decide to name it NE koili. You analyze the genome sequence of NE koili and find that the NE koili genome contains cas genes and pieces of various bacteriophage genomes separated by unique repeats. You roommate is baffled by this observation. Having covered this topic in BIOL2299, explain to your roommate why there are pieces of phage DNA in a bacterial genome. In your answer, include the role of cas nuclease.

If a single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present on a lawn of bacteria and, upon lysis, yields 200 viable viruses, how many phages will exist in a single plaque if three more lytic cycles occur?