The standard free energy change for ATP hydrolysis is -7.3kcal/mol. The free energy change under typical cellular conditions is about -12kcal/mol. Why is there a difference?
Q: If we look at the free energy changes caused by phosphate hydrolysis in the following list of…
A: Phosphate hydrolysis: its hydrolysis causes a release of energy hence it is the exergonic reaction.…
Q: Under standard conditions, NADH reoxidation by the electron-transport chain has a free-energy change…
A: ADP + Pi → ATP G= + 30.66 KJ /mol By the electron transport chain, NADH reoxidation has a free…
Q: The conversion of substance X to substance Y is an endergonic reaction, but it can be driven if…
A: An endergonic reaction is a reaction in which energy is absorbed. This means that the net change in…
Q: Why might a general ATP-binding inhibitor be a bad idea? Was this a problem with the drug that was…
A: Background information about ATP ATP is chemically Adenosine-Tri-phosphate means it is formed of…
Q: Please explain what happened in the reaction. How did H2SO4 and 3H2O reacted with the glucose?
A: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that yield them on hydrolysis.…
Q: Although ATP supplies energy to an endergonic reaction, why is it not considered a fuel?
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is defined as a cell’s energy currency. It is a molecule that stores as…
Q: A critical reaction in the production of energy to do work or drive chemical reactions in biological…
A: Adenosine triphosphate is also called ATP. It is defined as the molecule that takes energy compounds…
Q: Using the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, determine how many ATP can be produced from one mole of each…
A: Number of ATP molecule on complete oxidation using the glycerol-3-phosphate as follows-
Q: or 41. Why are ATP's phosphoanhydride bonds high energy? Why is ATP hydrolysis to be so favorable?
A:
Q: Calculate for the following based on complete oxidation of 5 molecules of trisaccharide containing 2…
A: Complete Oxidation of carbohydrates takes place via 4 stages. They are ; 1. Glycolysis : here a…
Q: Please answer both parts A.Phosphate-containing compounds, such as ATP, are considered “high-energy”…
A: ATP is the energy currency of the living cells. It is a link between anabolism and catabolism. ATP…
Q: Just how much free energy is released via the passage of enough hydrogen ions through the ATP…
A: The Chemisosmotic theory suggests that a proton motive force (PMF) is requires to synthesize ATP…
Q: The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP has a △G°' of -30 kJ/mol. If in an E. coli cell the concentrations of…
A: Hydrolysis of ATP inside the cells to generate the energy required for the reaction or a process.…
Q: ATP constitutes the most common cellular energy currency. Explain the factors that account for the…
A: The human body comprises a trillions number of cells. Every cell comprises mitochondria. The main…
Q: How much free energy will be released during ATP hydrolysis of ATP in this condition? Please write…
A: The following equation relate standard-state free energy of a reaction with the free energy: ∆G…
Q: What is the significance of the ΔG°’ value of each step of Glycolysis? Why do some values classify…
A: The biochemical reactions energetics are best described in terms of the thermodynamic function…
Q: Which of the following compounds would you expect to liberate the least free energy when hydrolyzed?…
A: All the given molecules contain high energy bonds. Hydrolysis of these bonds will release free…
Q: Creatine phosphate has a standard state free energy of hydrolysis of -43.1 kJ/mol. The given…
A: Gibbs free energy (G) of a system is the usable energy present in the system. For a reaction, free…
Q: The standard free energy variation of the ATP hydrolysis reaction is ΔGº’ = -30.5 kJ / mol ATP + H2O…
A: Given Values: ∆G°' = -30.5 kJ/mol[Pi] = 1.6 mM∆G = -50.2 kJ/mol
Q: If the DGo for ATP hydrolysis into ADP + inorganic phosphate is -7.3 kcal/mole, and the DGo for…
A: The delta G (dG) or change in Gibbs free energy determines whether a chemical reaction is favorable…
Q: Given the following coupled reactions: phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O → pyruvate + Pi ΔG°'= -61.9…
A: The last step in the glycolysis is the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to…
Q: If the DGo for ATP hydrolysis into ADP + inorganic phosphate is -7.3 kcal/mole, and the DGo for…
A: Given: ADP + Inorganic phosphate →ATP ∆G10=-7.3 kcal/mol…
Q: One of the following is most accurate about relative redox potential of different electron carriers.…
A: Electron carriers are molecule that is capable of accepting one or more electrons (acceptor) from…
Q: In a major metabolic pathway involving the monosaccharide glucose, one of the reactions involve the…
A: The given reaction represents the first reaction of the glycolysis pathway. In this reaction, the…
Q: ATP Synthase is known to catalyze the synthesis of ATP with a ΔG°’ close to zero, and a Keq' close…
A:
Q: What is meant by the term activation energy?
A: Enzymes are the catalytic protein, which is required to catalyze the chemical reaction.
Q: A total of 30.5 kJ mol-1 of free energy is needed to synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi when the…
A: Food is a substance that consists of various nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins,…
Q: Free energy changes under intracellular conditions differ markedly from those determined under…
A: ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) hydrolysis is a reaction process in which the high energy stored in the…
Q: The primary source of phosphate for chemical reactions in cells comes as ATP, ADP, or AMP. The ΔG˚’…
A:
Q: A camel hump contains 12 kg of triacylgylcerols. (a) Given that there are 0.491 moles of ATP per…
A: Triacyl-glycerols are the storage form of energy in the body. The triglycerides are hydrolyzed to…
Q: The cleavage of ATP’s phosphoanhydride bond to form ADP yields approximately _____________ kJ/mol.
A: Phosphoanhydride bonds are the high energy bonds present in the three phosphate groups of the ATP…
Q: AG for the hydrolysis of ATP is -30.5 kJ/mol. What effect will the tripling of ATP concentration…
A: Adenosine triphosphate(ATP) provides energy for various cellular processes. ATP breaks into ADP and…
Q: Metabolic pathways frequently contain reactions with positive standard free-energy values, yet the…
A: The metabolic pathway is divided into the catabolic pathway (transform fuel into energy) and…
Q: calculate the net ATP production from the complete oxidation of the Arachidic acid to CO2 and H2O.…
A: Arachidic acid also known as eicosanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon chain. The…
Q: Consider the following chemical reaction: Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP + Pi Given the…
A: Free energy difference (∆G) is the difference in free energy between products and reactants. The…
Q: Most biochemists agree that the most accurate number of H+ needed to generate one ASP is blank.…
A: Two ATP were formed as a result of glycolysis, two NAD+ were reduced to two NADH + H+, and glucose…
Q: AG" = -80.8 kJ/mol Glycolysis: Glucose + 2 NAD* + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O;…
A: Gibbs energy, or free energy , is a quantity that is used to measure the maximum amount of work done…
Q: What is the total ATP yield from the oxidation of arachidonic acid? Show your calculations.
A: Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6-fatty acid 20:4. It is the chemical messenger first…
Q: In the reaction ATP + glucose → ADP + glucose-6-phosphate, ΔG° is -16.7 kJ/mol. Assume that both ATP…
A: Given Values: ∆G° = 16.7 kJ/mol or 16700 J/mol Temperature = 25°C or 25+273 = 298 K Concentration of…
Q: The hydrolysis of ATP has a large negative ΔG'°; nevertheless it is stable in solution due to: a.…
A: ∆G (free energy change) is the difference in free energy between reactants and products. The value…
Q: Why does PGAL have the highest potential energy of glycolysis?
A: Introduction: Glycolysis: The Metabolic Mechanism That Transforms Glucose To Pyruvic Acid Is Known…
Q: Convert the following reactions into "Metabolic Engineering" notation: a. C6H1206 + 2 H20 → 2 C2H60…
A: A set of metabolic reactions and processes involving the conversion of chemical energy into ADP is…
Q: How many ATP molecules could maximally be generated from one molecule of glucose, if the complete…
A: Introduction ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy-carrying molecule found in all living things'…
Q: Why does ATP hydrolysis release so much energy? O Hydrolysis increases entropy through a gain in the…
A: ATP hydrolysis is a catabolic process in which the high-energy compound Adenosine triphosphate…
Q: ATP Synthase is known to catalyze the synthesis of ATP with a ΔG°’ close to zero, and a Keq' close…
A: The F1/F0 ATP synthase catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP coupled with the movement of protons…
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- The standard free energy of hydrolysis of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is about −20 kJ/mol for each Pi released. We calculated in Worked Example 13–2 that, in a cell, it takes about 50 kJ/mol of energy to synthesize ATPfrom ADP and Pi. Is it feasible for a cell to use polyphosphate to synthesize ATP from ADP? Explain your answer.Given the conditions below A (Enz A)→ B-(Enz B) C (Enz C) D (Enz D) →E Enzyme Reaction Rate @ Q1o Reaction Rate at 20 C 30 C A 1.38 1.68 1.44 2.78 C 1.23 1.84 1.58 1.96 If tissue D exhibits a reaction rate of 1.58 umol CO2 gFW-1 hr-1 at 20 C and has a Q10 of 1.96, what is the reaction rate at 30 C?The AG of the reaction C6H12O6 + 60₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O is -686 kcal/mol glucose oxidized. The AG of the reaction ADP + P₁ --> ATP + H₂O is + 7.3 kcal/mol ATP synthesized. The oxidation of glucose can be coupled to the synthesis of ATP. If the coupling is 50% efficient, how many molecules of ATP can be synthesized per molecule of glucose oxidized? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
- The AG of the reaction C6H1206+602 --> 6 CO2 + 6H₂O is -686 kcal/mol glucose oxidized. The AG of the reaction ADP + P --> ATP + H₂O is + 7.3 kcal/mol ATP synthesized. The oxidation of glucose can be coupled to the synthesis of ATP. If the coupling is 50% efficient, how many molecules of ATP can be synthesized per molecule of glucose oxidized? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. Type your answer... rces K esc Q 7 c с 72 W #3 E 14 R LL Search or type URL % 65 T G A MacBook Pro 6 Y H & 7 U * 8 + - ( 9 J ၂ ။ K 0 ) 0 L P { + 11 } ] Submit delete returnTwo biochemistry students are about to usemitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specifyaddition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reactionmixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does thesource not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?= Cellular Respiration Glucose (Cs) 2 G3P (Cs) 2 U Cs) 2 GTP- GDP (Cs) 2 acetyl CoA (___Cs) 1½/202 iii H₂O iv 2 Fill out the diagram as indicated by instructions below. Label processes g. A, B, and C. h. Some reactions are labeled with numbers in blue ovals. (Some of these are "collected" reactions, i.e. they stand for all reactions of the same type that occur in the same part of the pathway.) Among these reactions, write in reactants and products for all reactions that involve ATP and ADP. i. Reactions 6 and 8 involve FADH₂. Write in reactants and products for these reactions. j. Among the reactions labeled with numbers in blue ovals, write in reactants and products for all reactions that involve NAD+ and NADH. k. Below, write in the molecules that correspond to each of the following labels (iv is a molecule moving through the protein, indicated with an arrow): i: ii: iii: iv: 1. The blank in front of molecule (i) that you identified above is to indicate how many copies of this…
- The cytochromes are heme-containing proteins that function as electron carriers in the mitochondria. Calculate the difference in the reduction potential (AE°') and the change in the standard free energy (AG°) when the electron flow is from the carrier with the lower reduction potential to the higher. cytochrome c₁ (Fe³+) + e¯ = cytochrome c₁ (Fe2+) E°' = 0.22 V cytochrome c (Fe³+) + e¯ = cytochrome c (Fe²+) E°' = 0.254 V Calculate AE°' and AG°'. AE°' = AG°' = V kJ/mola) Assuming that ubiquinone is unavailable inside of the cell, calculate the AG and the Keq if electrons are transferred directly from complex I to complex III of the electron transport chain. In your answer include the net equation for this electron transfer. Constants: R= 8.3J/degree'mol, F= 96.1kJ/volt mol, T=298K ( Half Reaction EM ubiquinone + 2e + 2H' Ubiquinol + H2 NAD + 2e+ 2H'→ NADH + H 0.045 -0.320 1/202 + 2e +2H H,O Cytc (Fe") + +le + 1H"→ Cytc (Fe²) 0.816 0.254 b) In a single sentence explain whether or not this electron transfer is possible. /A 75 kg person doing light work requires about 3000 kcal of food energy perday, 40% of which is actually used by the body’s cells. (The other 60% is lostas heat and in waste products.) Before being used by the cells, effectively allof this energy is stored in ATP, which is then cleaved into ADP and PO3−2 , with the release of 12.5 kcal per mole of ATP.(a) How many moles of ATP are turned over per day in this fashion? Whatmass of ATP does this correspond to? (The molecular weight of ATP is507 g/mol.)(b) The body actually contains approximately 5 g ATP. Estimate the averagerecycle time for an ATP molecule. You see that it is much more efficientto reuse ADP rather than to synthesize it de novo (from scratch).
- A certain metabolic pathway can be diagrammed as: X Y Z A B C D C²D where A, B, C, and D are the metabolic intermediates and X, Y, and Z are the enzymes responsible for each conversion. The physiological free energies for each enzyme catalyzed reaction are: X AG = -0.2 kJ/mol Y AG¹ = -1.3 kJ/mol ZAG' = -12.3 kJ/mol a. Which reaction likely represents a major regulatory point for this pathway? b. If your answer for part a. was, in fact, the case, if an inhibitor of Enzyme Z was present, would the concentrations of metabolites A, B, C, and D be increased, decreased, or not affected? c. Identify which of the enzymes X, Y, and Z, if any, would likely need to be bypassed for the metabolite D to be converted to A.2 ATP + HCO₂ + NH₂ H₂N O O O 2 ADP, PCPS-1 H₂N OPO, 2 sessis-+- * HỘ NHỎ NH₂ HNGANH, NH₂ H₂O P₁ 1 OTC coo H₂NHCOO NH CHI CH₂ Coo CH₂ CH₂ HỘ NHỎ coo 4 Which of the reactions is requires energy input? (Answer by choosing the enzyme used)? OTC ASS ASL ARG1 NONE of these require energy to do their reaction ARG1 ΜΗ CH₂ НО CH₂ CH₂ HỘ NHỎ coo - 6 O-NH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ HỘ NH COO 3 ASS *- 85.8 • ATP PP L-Asp AMP 1 L-ornithine 2 carbamoyl phosphate 3 L-citrulline 4 argininosuccinate 5 fumarato 6 L-arginine 7 urea L-Asp L-aspartate CPS-1 carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I OTC Ornithine transcarbamoylase ASS argininosuccinate synthetase ASL argininosuccinate lyase ARG1 arginase 1 OH OH NH₂Wo reactions below and determine if they are exergonic or endergonic reactions + reactants 1. Label the molecules and identify this process Glucose + Oxygen -> ATP + Carbon Dioxide + Water 2. Summarize this process: M 3. Write the balanced equation for this process: 4. Is this process an exergonic or endergonic reaction? Why? O Search ATP energy OCO OCC OGO OGO Cell Respiration + products 8