The presence or absence of a trait of interest in a lineage is said to be an uninformative character for a phylogenetic reconstruction when the number of changes for that trait  - A. occurs only in the outgroup and in one ingroup species. B. is the same for any hypothetical tree. C. is always different for any hypothetical tree. D. occurs only in the outgroup but not in any ingroup species.

When constructing phylogenetic trees, what is the purpose of applying maximum parsimony? Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the maximum evolutionary events. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious is the one that uses the simplest explanation of evolutionary events.

What is true about evolution by natural selection? a. It is a largely random process. b. Homology shows that convergence is a useful tool for deducing adaptive function. c. Mothers are invariably members of the same species as their offspring, so selection can never create new species. d. Harmful recessive genes are eliminated more rapidly than harmful dominant genes. e. None of the above is true.

Which of the following is true regarding vestigial traits?   A. Vestigial traits are evidence for change over time   B. Vestigial traits are evidence for common ancestry   C. Vestigial traits indicate that not evolution does not perfect organisms   A and B   A, B, and C

The definition of "lineage" is:   Select one or more: a.   the same as the Tree of Life   b.   a population of organisms captured at one specific time   c.   a series of ancestor and descendant lineages over time   d.   a character that has evolved over time

Species A and B have long wings, whereas species C has short wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the hypothesis that long wings are a synapomorphy?   A. DNA evidence showing that species B and C are sister species   B. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had short wings   C. DNA evidence showing that species A and C are sister species   D. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had long wings   E. Evidence showing that species A and B live in an environment that favors long wings, whereas species C lives in an environment that favors short wings

Which of the following is TRUE about a phylogenetic tree? It provides a drawing the reflects the proven relationships between living and extinct species. b It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between extinct species. c It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between living and extinct species. d It a diagram used by scientists that provides a model of evolutionary relationships without the need for scientific data.

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