The ionisation energy of potassium is 4.34 eV and the electron affinity of chlorine is 3.61 eV.  The Madelung constant for the KCl structure is 1.748 and the closest distance between ions of opposite sign is 0.314 nm.  On the basis of these data, calculate the cohesive energy of KCl. Compare this with the observed cohesive energy of 6.42 eV for the ion pair and comment on the reasons for any discrepancy

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Crystal Structures

Solids are present all around us. They have different properties and applications. Diamond and graphite are two well-known solids. Diamond is the hardest material in the world and is used in making jewelry. Graphite on the other hand is soft. The lead of your pencil is graphite. Why are they so different in appearance and properties despite the fact they are chemically the same? Both are allotropes of carbon. The answer lies in the structure, the way constituent particles are arranged in the solids.