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Concept explainers
The hydraulic gradient is
|
a
|
rock that is porous and permeable enough to transmit water easily. |
|
b
|
the difference in hydraulic head between two points, divided by the distance between them. |
|
c
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rock that is low in permeability so that water flows very slowly through it. |
|
d
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a relationship of groundwater flow rate between two point to the difference in hydraulic head between them. |
2. An artesian well is one in which
|
a
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pressurized groundwater rises from a deep, unconfined aquifer. |
|
b
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water rises above the top of the confined aquifer without any pumping. |
|
c
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the well is horizontal and the water table is perched. |
|
d
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Paint colors are mixed. |
|
e
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the water is warm, fairly saline, and recharged by an affluent stream. |
3. A cone of depression is
|
a
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a solid or hollow object which tapers from a circular or roughly circular base to a point. |
|
b
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the relationship of groundwater flow rate between two points to the difference in hydraulic head between them. |
|
c
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an aquifer overlain by an aquitard or aquiclude. |
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d
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a large, cone-shaped lowering of the water table around a well when it is pumped. |
4. Karst is
|
a
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a terrain characterized by underground solution cavities that is usually made of limestone. |
|
b
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a waxy solid hydrocarbon in oil shale. |
|
c
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proportion of void space in rock, sediment or soil. |
|
d
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a measure of how readily fluid can flow through a rock, sediment, or soil. |
5. The water table is the top of the zone of saturation.
| a | True |
| b | False |
6. Pumping ancient groundwater faster than it can be replenished
|
a
|
is called groundwater mining. |
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b
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is not a problem because of the enormous reserves of ancient groundwater. |
|
c
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is impossible. |
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d
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forms aquicludes. |
|
e
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increases porosity in the intermediate zone. |
7. Saltwater intrusion is
|
a
|
the movement of groundwater from the subsurface to the surface. |
|
b
|
a circular depression in the ground commonly caused by collapse of a cave. |
|
c
|
a process by which salt water replaces fresh groundwater when the fresh water is being used more rapidly. It is most common by the shoreline. |
| d |
the processes of infiltration and migration by which groundwater is replenished. |
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- Soil layers are shown as the right figure. Given: H₁ = 2 m, k₁ = 10-4 cm/sec H₂ = 3 m, K₂ = 3.2 x 10-² cm/sec H₂ = 4 m, K₂ = 4.1 x 10-5 cm/sec Estimate the ratio of horizontal equivalent hydraulic conductivity and vertical equivalent hydraulic conductivity, i.e., k./k₂ T * H₂ H₂ a. 152 Ob. 270 O c. 140 O d. 225 k₁ k₂ k3arrow_forwardThe soil under a dam consists of five layers as follows: Hydraulic conductivity (cm/hr) Layer Depth (m) 1 5 4.8 2 2 8.0 3 0.6 18.0 4 1.0 3.0 5 3.5 1 Calculate: v What is the average vertical (perpendicular to flow) hydraulic conductivity of the soil? V What is the transmissivity of the soil, given the water table is at the ground surface?arrow_forward1. Given a vertical flow in a stratified soil which consists of three layers, their depths are di, d2, and d3 and their hydraulic conductivities are ki, k2, and k3, respectively. Determine a weighted average hydraulic conductivity for the soil.arrow_forward
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