The human digestive system has evolved to efficiently process regular meals, and many of us eat normal-sized meals a few times a day. However, imagine if humans could only eat one *giant* meal, just once every *week*. How might our digestive systems be changed to make this possible? Describe two specific ways that you could modify the human digestive system to accommodate eating much larger meals, much less often.
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- Explain the following phenomena: A. In a survey conducted on the population of men aged 60-75 in Japan, who are fed a traditional, rich Japanese dietIn fish, the percentage of men with cardiovascular disease was found to be small compared to Europe. B. Poor population in Egypt, fed on a low-calorie vegetarian diet, does not suffer from protein deficiencyOr vitamins. C. A person whose gallbladder has been removed from their body is told to refrain from eating high-fat foods. D. A defect in the breakdown of proteins is found in a person in whose stomach the level of acidity was measured 1.6 = pH (the normal value is 3.7) E. In a person with a certain disease in which the brush border cells in the small intestine are damaged, it is found that he suffers Malnutrition.Cooking is a singularly human trait. Whether the food is baked, fried, sautéed, boiled, or grilled, it's all cooking. Evidence suggests our ancestors began cooking over an open fire over 2 million years ago. ... What are the advantages of cooking food ? allows an organism to have precise control over the action of the thumb and fingers feeds the enegy hungry brain frees time for other human activities kills germs in raw food Ofrees the hands for carrying objects Oreduce nutrients infoodVitamin A deficiency and blindness are a major problem in 3rd world countries. A program called Golden Rice is helping to prevent this by adding vitamin A to white rice. How do you feel about genetically modified foods? Is this an effective and safe way to eliminate malnutrition in the developing world? Does the cost of genetically modified foods outweigh the benefits? ( need short answer. 30 to 60 words)
- The human AMY-1 gene encodes salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch. The number of copies of this gene varies, and people who have more copies generally make more of the enzyme. In addition, the average number of AMY-1 copies differs among cultural groups. George Perry and his colleagues hypothesized that duplications of the AMY-1 gene would confer a selective advantage in cultures in which starch is a large part of the diet. To test this hypothesis, the scientists compared the number of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of seven cultural groups that differed in their traditional diets. The Figure shows their results. Starchy tubers are a mainstay of Hadza hunter-gatherers in Africa, whereas fishing sustains Siberias Yakut. Almost 60% of Yakut had fewer than 5 copies of the AMY-1 gene. What percentage of the Hadza had fewer than 5 copies? FIGURENumber of copies of the AMY-1 gene among members of cultures with traditional high-starch or low-starch diets. Source: G. Perry et al. 2007. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nature Genetics 39:12561260.Macular degeneration is a serious disease of the eyes that can lead to blindness. A recent study suggeststhat nutrients such as lutein and zeaxanthin, found in green leafy vegetables, can slow the onset andprogress of this disease in humans. In the study, a group of 2000 older individuals were contacted throughrandom digit dialing and asked about their eating habits. (Macular degeneration usually manifests later inlife.) The group who ate green leafy vegetables fewer than two times a week had a significantly higher rateof macular degeneration (25% higher) than those who ate green leafy vegetables five or more times perweek. They also had a higher rate (5%) of cases that were considered severe among those who had thedisease.(a) Determine whether the study is an observational study or an experiment. Explain how you know.(b) If the study is an experiment, identify the control and treatment groups. If the study is observational,state whether it is a case-control study, and if so, identify…Proteins called enzymes are important for us to digest our food. Some people are missing a protein called lactase that breaks down the sugar in milk, lactose. What problems would these people have? A - They would only break down lactose as a source of sugar, but not glucose B - They would break down lactose too rapidly and it would make them sick C - They could not digest lactose and it would make them sick D - They would not digest glucose and it would make them sick
- One major aspect of animal life is the need to move as part of capturing food. One slight difficulty in this effort, however, is that the complex machinery required to make movement possible requires proteins maintained as specific temperature I choose one protein unique to animals you think is particularly important and do some research on what temperatures it can operate at Report the results here about it's response to temperature For one animal that uses that protein from part 1-what temperature range might they experience and is it possible the protein might leave it's optimal range (e.g.) might a fish using said protein experience a large enough shift in environmental temperature to interfere with the protein functioning)? Under what circumstances might it experience this if true what strategy does the animal from part 2 use to make sure the proteins it requires stay at their optimal temperature? (How does your animal thermoregulate?)Imagine that you wish to compare two types of feed that will be fed to laying chickens kept in two different chicken pens on the same farm. Both types of feed are made of the same grains, but come in two forms - pellets and crumbles. Pellets are the standard feed you have been using, but you believe crumbles will be digested more efficiently, and result in chickens laying more eggs. You set up an experiment. In your experiment you keep all other factors, such as the number of chickens per pen, the age of the chickens, the amount of food and water, and the type of chicken (all are Rhode Island Reds) the same. The chickens in Pen A are given pellets, and the chickens in Pen B are given crumbles. a. What is your hypothesis? b. What is your prediction? c. What will you be measuring to test your hypothesis? d. What is the independent variable? e. What is the dependent variable? f. What variables are being controlled? g. What group is your experimental group? h. What group is your control…People who eat lots of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of colon cancer than those who eat little of these foods. Fruits and vegetables are rich in “antioxidants” such as vitamins A, C, and E. Will taking antioxidants help prevent colon cancer? A medical experiment studied this question with 864 people who were at risk of colon cancer. The subjects were divided into four groups: daily beta-carotene, daily vitamins C and E, all three vitamins every day, or daily placebo. After four years, the researchers were surprised to find no significant difference in colon cancer among the groups. Explain what sampling method and experimental design you would use to conduct such research. What do you think “no significant difference” means in describing the outcome of the study? Suggest some lurking variables that could explain why people who eat lots of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of colon cancer. (The experiment suggests that these variables, rather than the antioxidants, may be…
- Scientist noticed that humans have distinct bacterial communities in their guts; the bacteria in lean humans is different from the bacteria in obese humans. In an experiment investigating the effects of gut bacteria on weight gain/loss in mice, gut bacteria from obese humans were given to one group of mice. A second group of mice were given gut bacteria from lean humans. The mice who received gut bacteria from the obese people gained more weight even though they didn't eat more than the mice who received germs from the lean individuals. What is a hypothesis for the experiment above? Select the best answer. Does the gut bacterial community cause changes in weight? Obese humans have different bacteria than lean humans. The gut bacterial community can cause changes in weight. If gut bacteria affect weight then the mice given lean human's bacteria will lose weight.Scientist noticed that humans have distinct bacterial communities in their guts; the bacteria in lean humans is different from the bacteria in obese humans. In an experiment investigating the effects of gut bacteria on weight gain/loss in mice, gut bacteria from obese humans were given to one group of mice. A second group of mice were given gut bacteria from lean humans. The mice who received gut bacteria from the obese people gained more weight even though they didn't eat more than the mice who received germs from the lean individuals. What is the observation for the example above? Select the best answer. Obese humans have different bacteria than lean humans. If gut bacteria affect weight then the mice given lean human's bacteria will lose weight. Does the gut bacterial community cause changes in weight? The gut bacterial community can cause changes in weight.A protein called insulin is responsible for controlling how much sugar is in our blood. When insulin is present, cells take up sugar from the blood, controlling our blood-sugar levels and keeping our body in balance. Some people with diabetes don't make enough insulin. What would be a problem if cells could no longer produce the protein insulin? A - People would have too low blood sugar. B - Nothing would happen--their blood sugar would remain the same. C - They would not be able to digest sugar anymore. D - People would have too high blood sugar.
