The following sequence contains the first couple codons from the Modema vaccine mRNA. Below it are versions of the same sequence, but each of these contain a mutation. Match these mutated sequences with the correct mutation type a b AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC UAG UGC GUG AAC CUG AUG UUC GUG UCC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC GUG AAC CUG C AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCA CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC GUG AAC CUG d AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC AGU GAA CCU PO .... Original sequence AUG UUC GUG UUC CUG GUG CUG CUG CCC CUG GTG AGC AGC CAG UGC GUG AAC CUG > > > > 1. Synonymous 2.Nonsense 3. Non-synonymous 4. Frameshift

Given that BOVID-12 seems to have a significant affect on brain organoid size you decide to take iPSCs and differentiate them into neurons. The iPSCs mature into early neural progenitor cells (Early NPCs), then late neural progenitor cells (Late NPCs), and then neurons. You take each of these four cell types and infect them with the BOVID-12 virus. The results are shown below: Early NPCs Late NPCs Cell viability relative to mock infection iPSCs → IPS cells Neurons Late NPCs 120% 100%- 80%- 60%- 40%- 20%- 0%- 0.1 1 Amount of virus Which cell type(s) are unaffected by the virus? Both Early and Late NPCs wwwwwww.. iPSCs and Neurons Early NPCs Neurons 10

Suppose you cultured yeast, that you had transformed with pMZ379 plus the AVT5 sgRNA, on a plate of YES agar plus salt ions. You then cultured untransformed yeast on a plate containing YES agar plus salt ions. Your results showed growth on both plates. Which of the following is the most reasonable interpretation of your results? O A) The untransformed yeast spontaneously mutated to have a Cas9 gene that could silence the AVT5 gene. O B) The yeast had a mutation in the AVT5 gene that made the protein non- functional. C) The sgRNA gene correctly guided the Cas9 protein to the AVT5 gene to silence it in the transformed yeast. D) The conditions for the experiment were so exceptional, that they promoted growth in both the modified and unmodified yeast.

The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein?