The figure shows an optical fiber in which a central plastic core of index of refraction n1 = 1.66 is surrounded by a plastic sheath of index of refraction n2 = 1.47. Light can travel along different paths within the central core, leading to different travel times through the fiber. This causes an initially short pulse of light to spread as it travels along the fiber, resulting in information loss. Consider light that travels directly along the central axis of the fiber and light that is repeatedly reflected at the critical angle along the core-sheath interface, reflecting from side to side as it travels down the central core. If the fiber length is 330 m, what is the difference in the travel times along these two routes? 39371

Light reflected from the front surface of a zircon windowpane (n = 1.923) has an intensity I₁. Light entering the glass undergoes multiple reflections. Let I2 be the intensity of light reflected after only one reflection at the back surface of the glass. Find the ratio I2/11. Assume normal incidence.

A ray of light consisting of blue light (wavelength 480 nm) and red light (wavelength 670 nm) is incident on a thick piece of glass at 80°.  What is the angular separation between the refracted red and refracted blue beams while they are in the glass?  (The respective indices of refraction for the blue light and the red light are 1.4636 and 1.4561.) 0.27° 0.33° 0.36° 0.46° 0.54°

Using filters, a physicist has created a beam of light consisting of three wavelengths: 400 nm (violet), 500 nm (green), and 650 nm (red). She aims the beam so that it passes through air and then enters a block of crown glass. The beam enters the glass at an incidence angle of  ?1 = 31.5°. The glass block has the following indices of refraction for the respective wavelengths in the light beam. wavelength (nm) 400 500 650 index of refraction n400 nm = 1.53 n500 nm = 1.52 n650 nm = 1.51 (a) Upon entering the glass, are all three wavelengths refracted equally, or is one bent more than the others?   (b) What are the respective angles of refraction (in degrees) for the three wavelengths? (Enter each value to at least two decimal places.) (i) ?400 nm   (ii) ?500 nm   (iii) ?650 nm

In the figure, light is incident at angle θ1 = 37˚ on a boundary between two transparent materials. Some of the light travels down through the next three layers of transparent materials, while some of it reflects upward and then escapes into the air. If n1 = 1.26, n2 = 1.42, n3 = 1.32 and n4 = 1.45, what is the value of (a) θ5 and (b) θ4?

A glass optical fiber is used to transport a light ray across a long distance. The fiber has an index of refraction of 1.520 and is submerged in ethyl alcohol, which has an index of refraction of 1.361. What is the critical angle (in degrees) for the light ray to remain inside the fiber?

An engineer is carrying out an experiment to determine the index of refraction for a partially reflective material. To do this, she aims a narrow beam of light at a sample of this material, which has a smooth surface. She then varies the angle of incidence. (The incident beam is traveling through air.) The light that gets reflected by the sample is completely polarized when the angle of incidence is 59.5°. (a)What index of refraction describes the material? n =  (b)If some of the incident light (at ?i = 59.5°) enters the material and travels below the surface, what is the angle of refraction (in degrees)?

A light ray enters a rectangular block of plastic at an angle Ɵ1 = 45.0˚ and emerges at an angle Ɵ2 = 76.0˚ , as shown in figure P22.57  (a)Determine the index of refraction of the plastic. (b) If the light ray enters the plastic at a point L=50.0cm from the bottom edge, how long does it take the light ray to travel through the plastic?

A beam of light is incident from the air on a transparent substance at an angle of 56 with respect to the normal, part of the beam is reflected and the other is refracted. It is observed that the reflected and refracted beams are mutually perpendicular. What is the refractive incidence of the transparent substance? What can you say about the reflected beam? Since you know both indices of refraction, suppose a light beam is incident from the medium with the higher index of refraction to the medium with the lower index of refraction. What is the critical angle to achieve total internal reflection?

In the figure, light is incident at angle 8₁ = 39° on a boundary between two transparent materials. Some of the light travels down through the next three layers of transparent materials, while some of it reflects upward and then escapes into the air. If n₁ = 1.28, n₂ = 1.38, n3 = 1.34 and n4 = 1.45, what is the value of (a) 05 and (b) 04? 18₁ Air m n₂ 173 na