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- 2.A solar collector with an area of 1.5 m2 is installed on the rooftop of a house. Assume that the radiative encrgy amiving from the sun is 1000 Wm. The collector reflecis 10% of the enengy arriving on is surfice. Also, the collector is not perfectly insulated, and losses occur The collector has a heat transfer coefficient h of 2 Wmx The side arcas of the collector are assumed to be negligible. The ambient temperature is 20 °C and the collector is assumed to be at a temperature of 50 "c. Consider that this temperature is constant throughout the whole collector The collector is assumed to behave like a black body. a) What is the power output of the collector? b) What percentage of the total losses is caused by radiation?An immersion heater of power 2500 W supplies energy to 3 kg of water at 25°C for 5 minutes The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jg^-1K^-1The final emperature of the water in degree celcius is?An infrared heater for a sauna has a surface area of 0.050 m2 and an emissivity of 0.84. What temperature must it run at if the required power is 360 W? Neglect the temperature of the environment.
- As the very first rudiment of climatology, estimate the temperature of Earth. Assume it is a perfect sphere and its temperature is uniform. Ignore the greenhouse effect. Thermal radiation from the Sun has an intensity (the "solar constant" S) of about 1370 W/m2 at the radius of Earth's orbit. (a) Assuming the Sun's rays are parallel, what area must S be multiplied by to get the total radiation intercepted by Earth? It will be easiest to answer in tens of Earth's radius, R. (b) Assume that Earth reflects about 30% of the solar energy it intercepts. In other words, Earth has an albedo with a value of A=0.3 . In terms of S, and R, what is the rate at which Earth absorbs energy from the Sun? (c) Find the temperature at which Earth radiates energy at the same rate. Assume that at the infrared wavelengths where it radiates, the emissivity e is 1. Does your result show that the greenhouse effect is important? (d) How does your answer depend on the area of Earth?Even when shut down after a period of normal use, a large commercial nuclear reactor transfers thermal energy at the rate of 150 MW by the radioactive decay of fission products. This heat transfer causes a rapid increase in temperature if the cooling system fails (1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J/s and 1 MW = 1 megawatt). (a) Calculate the rate of temperature increase in degrees Celsius per second (C/s) if the mass of the is 1.60105 kg and it has an average specific heat of 0.3349 kJ/kg . C. (b) How long would it take to obtain a temperature increase of 2000 C, which could cause some metals holding the radioactive materials to melt? (The initial rate of temperature increase would be greater than that calculated here because the heat transfer is concentrated in a smaller mass. Later, however, the temperature increase would slow down because the 500,000-kg steel containment vessel would also begin to heat up.)A certain steel railroad rails 13 yd in length and weighs 70.0 lb/yd How much thermal energy is required to increase the length of such a rail by 3.0 mm? .Note: Assume the steel has the same specific heal as iron.
- Many decisions are made on the basis of the payback period: the time it will take through savings to equal the capital cost of an investment. Acceptable payback times depend upon the business or philosophy one has. For some industries, a payback period is as small as 2 yeas) Suppose you wish to install the extra insulation in the preceding problem. If energy cost $1.00 per million joules and the insulation was $4.00 per square meter, then calculate the simple payback time. Take the average T for the 120-day heating season to be 15.0 .Nuclear fusion, the energy solute of Sun, hydrogen bombs, and fusion reactors, occurs much more readily when the average kinetic energy of the atoms is high—that is, at high temperatures. Suppose you want the atoms in your fusion experiment to have average kinetic energies of 6.41014 J . What temperature is needed?A 1.28-kg sample of water at 10.0 is in a calorimeter. You drop a piece of steel with a mass of 0.385 kg at 215 into it. After the sizzling subsides, what is the final equilibrium temperature? (Make the reasonable assumptions that any steam produced condenses into liquid water during the process of equilibration and that the evaporation and condensation don't affect the outcome, as we'll see in the next section.)
- Q2. (a) Starting with the assumptions made, show that according to Einstein’stheory of specific heat of solids, at very low temperatures Cv varies exponentially with temperature T . (b) Explain why the contribution of free electrons to the total specific heat of a metallic solid is negligible at high temperatures.After heating a 0.065kg of Iron to 525degree celsius the energy absorption registered by the 45 kJ. What is the initial temperature of the system? Answer using the G.U.E.S.S Method.I was hoping that you could check to make sure I’m using the correct units. For some reason I am having a hard time understanding when to use 4186 for specific heat of water or 4.186. For the latent heat of fusion, I have it in kg•cal degrees C. In my book it has it in J/kg. Since the book says it is 3.33 X 10^5, how do I get my answer to show in those terms? Thank you!
