The article "Improved Bioequivalence Assessment of Topical Dermatological Drug Products Using Dermatopharmacokinetics" (B. N’Dri-Stempfer, W. Navidi, R. Guy, and A. Bunge, Pharmaceutical Research, 2009:316–328) described a study comparing the amounts of econozole nitrate absorbed into human skin for several formulations of antifungal ointment. Both a brand name and generic drug were applied to the arms of 14 subjects, and the amounts absorbed, in ug/cm², were measured. Following are the results. Can you conclude that the mean amount absorbed differs between the brand name and the generic drug? Brand Name Generic Difference 2.23 1.42 0.81 1.68 1.95 -0.27 1.96 2.58 -0.62 2.81 2.25 0.56 1.14 1.21 -0.07 3.20 3.01 0.19 2.33 2.76 -0.43 4.06 3.65 0.41 2.92 2.89 0.03 2.92 2.85 0.07 2.83 2.44 0.39 3.45 3.11 0.34 2.72 2.64 0.08 3.74 2.82 0.92

23.2 Aerosolized Vaccine for Measles. An aerosolized vaccine for measles wwas (pages 530 and 532). process developed in Mexico and has been used on more than 4 million children since 1980, Aerosolized vaccines have the advantages of being able to be administered by people without clinical training and do not cause injection-associated infec tions. Despite these advantages, data about efficacy of the aerosolized vaccines against measles compared to subcutaneously injection of the vaccine have been inconsistent. Because of this, a large randomized controlled study was conducted using children in India. The primary outcome was an immune response to measles measured 91 days after the treatments. Among the 785 children receiving the sub- cutaneous injection, 743 developed an immune response, while among the 775 children receiving the aerosolized vaccine, 662 developed an immune response. (a) Compute the proportion of subjects experiencing the primary outcome for both the aerosol and…

The authors of the paper "Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement"† compared two different instruments for measuring a person's ability to breathe out air. (This measurement is helpful in diagnosing various lung disorders.) The two instruments considered were a Wright peak flow meter and a mini-Wright peak flow meter. Seventeen people participated in the study, and for each person air flow was measured once using the Wright meter and once using the mini-Wright meter.   Subject Mini-WrightMeter WrightMeter Subject Mini-WrightMeter WrightMeter 1 512 494 10 445 433 2 430 395 11 432 417 3 520 516 12 626 656 4 428 434 13 260 267 5 500 476 14 477 478 6 600 557 15 259 178 7 364 413 16 350 423 8 380 442 17 451 427 9 658 650         (a) Suppose that the Wright meter is considered to provide a better measure of air flow, but the mini-Wright meter is easier to transport and to use. If the two types of meters produce…

During the spring of 1999, many fuel storage facilities in Serbia were destroyed by bombing. As a result, significant quantities of oil products were spilled and burned,resulting in soil pollution. The article “Mobility of Heavy Metals Originating from Bombing of Industrial Sites” (B. Škrbić, J. Novaković, and N. Miljević, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2002:7–16) reports measurements of heavy metal concentrations at several industrial sites in June 1999, just after the bombing, and again in March of 2000. At the Smederevo site, on the banks of the Danube River, eight soil specimens taken in 1999 had an average lead concentration (in mg/kg) of 10.7 with a standard deviation of 3.3. Four specimens taken in 2000 had an average lead concentration of 33.8 with a standard deviation of 0.50. Find a 95% confidence interval for the increase in lead concentration between June 1999 and March 2000.

A study was made of 413 children who were hospitalized as a result of motor vehicle crashes. Among 290 children who were not using seat belts, 60 were injured severely. Among 123 children using seat belts, 16 were injured severely (based on data from "Morbidity Among Pediatric Motor Vehicle Crash Victims: The Effectiveness of Seat Belts," by Osberg and Di Scala, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 82, No. 3). For this problem we want to know, is there sufficient sample evidence to conclude, at the 0.05 significance level, that the proportion of severe injuries is higher for children not wearing seat belts? Let pi be the proportion of severe injuries among all children not wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Let p2 be the proportion of severe injuries among all children wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Which is the proper expression of Ho? Pi = P2 O Pi P2 Which is the proper expression of H1? O pi P2 Calculate p1 to 4 decimal places: Calculate p,…

g and h

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine whether treatment with daily aspirin was more effective than placebo at preventing myocardial infarction (MI) (within 5 years).   A total of 140 out of 11,140 subjects in the aspirin group experienced an MI, while 240 out of 11,040 subjects in the placebo group experienced an MI.  The relative risk of MI comparing aspirin to placebo was calculated to be 0.58, and its 95% confidence interval ranged from 0.47 to 0.71.  Which of the following can be concluded from these results?   Question 4 options:   On average, the risk of MI among subjects who used aspirin was 0.58 times the risk of MI among those on placebo.   On average, aspirin reduced the risk of MI in this population by 58% when compared to placebo.   Aspirin is almost certainly harmful to this population.   Compared to placebo, aspirin did not reduce the risk of MI by a statistically significant amount.