a. What was the mean for each group? b. Report the ANOVA in APA style. c. Was the test significant? If so which groups were different from each other and in what way?
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- What is an experiment?The Human Resources Department is studying absenteeism with employees. They have noticed an unacceptable level of absenteeism that is believed to be related to the general health of the employees. Twelve months ago, a fitness program for employees was started at the company. To evaluate the program, a random sample of eight participants were studied before the fitness program began and the same eight participants were studied twelve months later. The Human Resources Department believes the number of absences should change over the twelve months. Before After Difference Employee 1. What is dbar? 2. What is tcrit? 3. What is at? 4. What is pvalue? 1 5. What is decision? 6 5 2 6 2 four decimal places four decimal places 3 four decimal places 7 1 4 At the 5% significance level, answer the following questions using the following information: Ho: mu d = 0 Ha: mud #0 7 3 5 4 3 6 3 6 7 5 3 8 6 7 standard deviation of sample = 2.92As men age, their testosterone levels gradually decrease. This may cause a reduction in energy, an increase in fat, and other undesirable changes. Do testosterone supplements reverse some of these effects? A study in the Netherlands assigned 237 men aged 60 to 80 with low or low-normal testosterone levels to either a testosterone supplement or a placebo. Why is it necessary to include a control group in this experiment? Every experiment needs a control group in order to make proper comparisons between treatments. A control group is necessary to balance the effects of other variables among the treatment groups. A control group is necessary so any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. A control group helps avoid confounding and reduces variability in the response variable. A control group is used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments.
- A study collected arm bone strength information for two groups of young men. The first group in the study was a control group of 15 men who are not baseball players. The second group in the study comprised men who played baseball. We know that these baseball players use their dominant arm in throwing (those who throw with their nondominant arm were excluded), so they get more arm exercise than the controls. Here are the data for the baseball players. ID Nondominant Dominant ID Nondominant Dominant 16 17.0 19.3 24 15.1 19.5 17 16.9 19.0 25 13.4 20.5 18 17.8 25.1 26 13.6 17.1 19 21.1 37.6 27 20.3 26.5 20 21.0 40.4 28 17.2 30.2 21 14.7 20.8 29 14.7 17.4 22 31.4 36.8 30 22.7 35.0 23 14.8 21.3 Here is the equation of the least-squares line for the baseball players. dominant = 0.996 + (1.368 ✕ nondominant) A young male who is a baseball player has a bone strength of 18.0 cm4/1000 in his nondominant arm. Predict the bone strength in the dominant arm for this…In a recent study, young adults (18-25 years) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments to increase seat belt use. The intervention group received Safe Vehicle Engagement (SAVE) intervention, a 6-week automated interactive text message program, including weekly seat belt use queries with feedback and goal support to increase seat belt use. The control group received similar queries but no additional feedback. The primary objective is to assess whether there is an association between treatment (SAVE vs control) and self-report of always using a seat belt over the past 2 weeks at the 6-week follow-up. Below is the 2x2 table of treatment and primary endpoint. Always wearing a seat belt Not always wearing a seat belt SAVE Intervention 34 48 Control 15 61 Questions: (1) Estimate an appropriate absolute measure of association and 95% confidence interval (CI) comparing participants who received SAVE intervention to those who received control treatment. Be…In a recent study, young adults (18-25 years) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments to increase seat belt use. The intervention group received Safe Vehicle Engagement (SAVE) intervention, a 6-week automated interactive text message program, including weekly seat belt use queries with feedback and goal support to increase seat belt use. The control group received similar queries but no additional feedback. The primary objective is to assess whether there is an association between treatment (SAVE vs control) and self-report of always using a seat belt over the past 2 weeks at the 6-week follow-up. Below is the 2x2 table of treatment and primary endpoint. Always wearing a seat belt Not always wearing a seat belt SAVE Intervention 34 48 Control 15 61 Questions: (1) Estimate an appropriate absolute measure of association and 95% confidence interval (CI) comparing participants who received SAVE intervention to those who received control treatment. Be…
- A research group is interested in the association between vitamin E supplementation and a decreased risk for osteoporosis in a group of elderly women. The team randomly samples a group of women potentially enrolled in the study after a strict set of inclusion criteria have been met, and pairs each woman receiving the supplementation with two women receiving a placebo based on a number of characteristics such as BMI, education, and socio-economic status. The data compiled after 10 years of follow up were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. Which of the following methods to reduce confounding was not employed in the above scenario? Stratification Regression Restriction MatchingIn a study reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, young men who drank fat-free milk after exercising gained 40% more muscle mass than those who drank a soy beverage after exercising. Fat-free milk drinkers gained 60% more muscle mass than those who consumed a sweetened sports drink. What is the response variable in this study? What is the explanatory variable in this study? What is the role – type classification of the variables in this study?McAllister et al. (2012) compared varsity football and hockey players with varsity athletes from noncontact sports to determine whether exposure to head impacts during one season have an effect on cognitive performance. In the study, tests of new learning performance were significantly poorer for the contact sport athletes compared to the noncontact sport athletes. The following table presents data similar to the results obtained in the study. Noncontact Athletes: 10, 8, 7, 9, 13, 7, 6, 12 Contact Athletes: 7, 4, 9, 3, 7, 6, 10, 2 a. Are the test scores significantly lower for the contact sport athletes than for the noncontact athletes? Use a one-tailed test with =.05 t-critical= t= b. Compute the value of (percentage of variance accounted for) for these data. r^2= a. 0.123, b. 0.239, c. 0.138, d. 0.264
- McAllister et al. (2012) compared varsity football and hockey players with varsity athletes from noncontact sports to determine whether exposure to head impacts during one season have an effect on cognitive performance. In the study, tests of new learning performance were significantly poorer for the contact sport athletes compared to the noncontact sport athletes. The following table presents data similar to the results obtained in the study. Noncontact Athletes: 10, 8, 7, 9, 13, 7, 6, 12 Contact Athletes: 7, 4, 9, 3, 7, 6, 10, 2 a. Are the test scores significantly lower for the contact sport athletes than for the noncontact athletes? Use a two-tailed test with =.05 b. What sampling technique was most likely employed by the researcher? justify your answer c. Does exposure to head impacts have an effect on cognitive performance? why or why notAn epidemiologist found five cases of “big toe cancer” in the Yukon Territory. Because there were only a few cases, the epidemiologist decided to conduct a matched case-control study to determine whether shoe size larger than 9 is a risk factor for big toe cancer. Cases were individually matched to one control for daily activity, history of athlete’s foot, and history of ingrown toenails. The following data were gathered: Shoe size > 9 Pair Case Control 1 Yes No 2 No No 3 No Yes 4 Yes Yes 5 No Yes If you were to investigate a rare cancer in Lynchburg, where might you look for data? What would be necessary legally and ethically to be able to utilize this data set(s)?An epidemiologist found five cases of “big toe cancer” in the Yukon Territory. Because there were only a few cases, the epidemiologist decided to conduct a matched case-control study to determine whether shoe size larger than 9 is a risk factor for big toe cancer. Cases were individually matched to one control for daily activity, history of athlete’s foot, and history of ingrown toenails. The following data were gathered: Shoe size > 9 Pair Case Control 1 Yes No 2 No No 3 No Yes 4 Yes Yes 5 No Yes Compute the proper measure of association. Interpret your results. If you were to investigate a rare cancer in Lynchburg, where might you look for data? What would be necessary legally and ethically to be able to utilize this data set(s)? Submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of Module/Week 3, and submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the same module/week. 1