TABLE 26.3 Rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions in mammalian genes based on human-rodent comparisons Synonymous Rate Nonsynonymous Rate (per site per 109 Gene (per site per 10° years) years) a-Actin B-Actin 0.01 3.68 0.03 3.13 Albumin Aldolase A 0.91 6.63 0.07 3.59 Apoprotein E Creatine kinase 0.98 4.04 0.15 3.08 |Егytiropoietin a-Globin 0.72 4.34 0.55 5.14 B-Globin 0.80 3.05 Growth hormone 1.23 4.95 Histone 3 0.00 6.38 Immunoglobulin heavy chain (variable region) Insulin 1.07 5.66 0.13 4.02 Interferon al 1.41 3.53 Interferon y 2.79 8.59 Luteinizing homone 1.02 3.29 Somatostatin-28 0.00 3.97

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Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.