Problem 18.1QP: What is a spontaneous process? Give three examples of spontaneous processes. Give three examples of... Problem 18.2QP: Which contains greater entropy, a quantity of frozen benzene or the same quantity of liquid benzene... Problem 18.3QP: State the second law of thermodynamics. Problem 18.4QP: The entropy change S for a phase transition equals H/T, where H is the enthalpy change. Why is it... Problem 18.5QP: Describe how the standard entropy of hydrogen gas at 25C can be obtained from heat measurements. Problem 18.6QP: Describe what you would look for in a reaction involving gases in order to predict the sign of S.... Problem 18.7QP: Define the free energy G. How is G related to H and S? Problem 18.8QP: What is meant by the standard free-energy change G for a reaction? What is meant by the standard... Problem 18.9QP Problem 18.10QP Problem 18.11QP Problem 18.12QP Problem 18.13QP Problem 18.14QP Problem 18.15QP Problem 18.16QP Problem 18.17QP Problem 18.18QP: You run a reaction that has a negative entropy change and is exothermic. Assuming that the entropy... Problem 18.19QP Problem 18.20QP: Given the following information at 25C, calculate G at 25C for the reaction 2A(g)+B(g)3C(g)... Problem 18.21QP Problem 18.22QP Problem 18.23QP: For each of the following statements, indicate whether it is true or false. a A spontaneous reaction... Problem 18.24QP: Which of the following are spontaneous processes? a A cube of sugar dissolves in a cup of hot tea. b... Problem 18.25QP Problem 18.26QP: Predict the sign of the entropy change for each of the following processes. a A drop of food... Problem 18.27QP: Hypothetical elements A(g) and B(g) are introduced into a container and allowed to react according... Problem 18.28QP Problem 18.29QP Problem 18.30QP: Describe how you would expect the spontaneity (G) for each of the following reactions to behave with... Problem 18.31QP: Chloroform, CHCl3, is a solvent and has been used as an anesthetic. The heat of vaporization of... Problem 18.32QP: Diethyl ether (known simply as ether), (C2H5)2O, is a solvent and anesthetic. The heat of... Problem 18.33QP: The enthalpy change when liquid methanol. CH3OH, vaporizes at 25C is 38.0 kJ/mol. What is the... Problem 18.34QP: The heat of vaporization of carbon disulfide, CS2, at 25C is 27.2 kJ/mol. What is the entropy change... Problem 18.35QP: Predict the sign of S, if possible, for each of the following reactions. If you cannot predict the... Problem 18.36QP: Predict the sign of S, if possible, for each of the following reactions. If you cannot predict the... Problem 18.37QP: Calculate S for the following reactions, using standard entropy values. a 2Na(s)+Cl2(g)2NaCl(s) b... Problem 18.38QP: Calculate S for the following reactions, using standard entropy values. a 2Ca(s)+O2(g)2CaO(s) b... Problem 18.39QP: Calculate S for the reaction C2H4(g)+3O2(g)2CO2(g)+2H2O(l) See Table 18.1 for values of standard... Problem 18.40QP: What is the change in entropy, S, for the reaction CaCO3(s)+2H(aq)Ca2+(aq)+H2O(l)+CO2(g) See Table... Problem 18.41QP: Using enthalpies of formation (Appendix C), calculate H for the following reaction at 25C. Also... Problem 18.42QP: Using enthalpies of formation (Appendix C), calculate H for the following reaction at 25C. Also... Problem 18.43QP: The free energy of formation of one mole of compound refers to a particular chemical equation. For... Problem 18.44QP: The free energy of formation of one mole of compound refers to a particular chemical equation. For... Problem 18.45QP: Calculate the standard free energy of the following reactions at 25C, using standard free energies... Problem 18.46QP: Calculate the standard free energy of the following reactions at 25C, using standard free energies... Problem 18.47QP: On the basis of G for each of the following reactions, decide whether the reaction is spontaneous or... Problem 18.48QP: For each of the following reactions, state whether the reaction is spontaneous or nonspontaneous as... Problem 18.49QP: Calculate H and G for the following reactions at 25C, using thermodynamic data from Appendix C;... Problem 18.50QP: Calculate H and G for the following reactions at 25C, using thermodynamic data from Appendix C;... Problem 18.51QP: Consider the reaction of 2 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1 atm with 1 mol O2(g) at the same temperature and... Problem 18.52QP: Consider the reaction of 1 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1 atm with 1 mol Br2(l) at the same temperature and... Problem 18.53QP: What is the maximum work that could be obtained from 4.95 g of zinc metal in the following reaction... Problem 18.54QP: What is the maximum work that could be obtained from 3.65 g of zinc metal in the following reaction... Problem 18.55QP: Give the expression for the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for each of the following reactions.... Problem 18.56QP: Write the expression for the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for each of the following reactions.... Problem 18.57QP: What is the standard free-energy change G at 25C for the following reaction? Obtain necessary... Problem 18.58QP: What is the standard free-energy change G at 25C for the following reaction? See Table 18.2 for... Problem 18.59QP: Calculate the standard free-energy change and the equilibrium constant Kp for the following reaction... Problem 18.60QP: Calculate the standard free-energy change and the equilibrium constant Kp for the following reaction... Problem 18.61QP: Obtain the equilibrium constant Kc at 25C from the free-energy change for the reaction... Problem 18.62QP: Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc at 25C from the free-energy change for the following reaction:... Problem 18.63QP: Use data given in Tables 6.2 and 18.1 to obtain the value of Kp at 1000C for the reaction... Problem 18.64QP: Use data given in Tables 6.2 and 18.1 to obtain the value of Kp at 2000C for the reaction... Problem 18.65QP: Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, can be prepared by heating sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3.... Problem 18.66QP: Oxygen was first prepared by heating mercury(II) oxide, HgO. 2HgO(s)2Hg(g)+O2(g) Estimate the... Problem 18.67QP Problem 18.68QP: The combustion of acetylene, C2H2, is a spontaneous reaction given by the equation... Problem 18.69QP Problem 18.70QP Problem 18.71QP: Acetic acid, CH3COOH, freezes at 16.6C. The heat of fusion, Hfus, is 69.0 J/g. What is the change of... Problem 18.72QP: Acetone, CH3COCH3, boils at 56C. The heat of vaporization of acetone at this temperature is 29.1... Problem 18.73QP Problem 18.74QP Problem 18.75QP Problem 18.76QP: Ethanol burns in air or oxygen according to the equation C2H5OH(l)+3O2(g)2CO2(g)+3H2O(g) Predict the... Problem 18.77QP: Acetic acid in vinegar results from the bacterial oxidation of ethanol.... Problem 18.78QP Problem 18.79QP: Is the following reaction spontaneous as written? Explain. Do whatever calculation is needed to... Problem 18.80QP: Is the following reaction spontaneous as written? Explain. Do whatever calculation is needed to... Problem 18.81QP Problem 18.82QP: The reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) is spontaneous at room temperature but becomes nonspontaneous at a... Problem 18.83QP Problem 18.84QP: Calculate G at 25C for the reaction BaSO4(s)Ba2+(aq)+SO42(aq) See Appendix C for values of Gf.What... Problem 18.85QP Problem 18.86QP: Consider the reaction CS2(g)+4H2(g)CH4(g)+2H2S(g) Calculate H, S, and G at 25C for this reaction.... Problem 18.87QP Problem 18.88QP: a From a consideration of the following reactions, calculate Hf for ethane, C2H6(g).... Problem 18.89QP: For the reaction CH3OH(l)+32O2(g)2H2O(l)+CO2(g) the value of G is 702.2 kJ at 25C. Other data are as... Problem 18.90QP Problem 18.91QP Problem 18.92QP: Tungsten is usually produced by the reduction of WO3 with hydrogen: WO3(s)+3H2(g)W(s)+3H2O(g)... Problem 18.93QP: For the decomposition of formic acid, HCOOH(l)H2O(l)+CO(g) H = +29 kJ/mol at 25C. a Does the... Problem 18.94QP Problem 18.95QP: For the reaction 2Cu(s)+S(s)Cu2S(s) H and G are negative and S is positive. a At equilibrium, will... Problem 18.96QP Problem 18.97QP: When 1.000 g of gaseous butane, C4H10, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atm pressure, H2O(l) and CO2(g) are... Problem 18.98QP: When 1.000 g of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atmosphere pressure, H2O(l) and... Problem 18.99QP: a Calculate K1, at 25C for phosphoric acid: H3PO4(aq)H+(aq)+H2PO4(aq) b Which thermodynamic factor... Problem 18.100QP: a Calculate K1, at 25C for sulfurous acid: H2SO3(aq)H+(aq)+HSO3(aq) b Which thermodynamic factor is... Problem 18.101QP: The direct reaction of iron(III) oxide. Fe2O3, to give iron and oxygen gas is a nonspontaneous... Problem 18.102QP Problem 18.103QP Problem 18.104QP Problem 18.105QP Problem 18.106QP: Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, CoCl26H2O, is a bright pink compound, but in the presence of very... Problem 18.107QP Problem 18.108QP: Hydrogen gas and iodine vapor react to produce hydrogen iodide gas: H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g) Calculate the... Problem 18.109QP: Silver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow compound that decomposes when heated to give silver... Problem 18.110QP Problem 18.111QP: Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a free-energy source by biological cells. (See the essay on... Problem 18.112QP Problem 18.113QP Problem 18.114QP Problem 18.115QP: Sodium acetate crystallizes from a supersaturated solution (see Figure 12.4). What can you say about... Problem 18.116QP: According to a source, lithium peroxide (Li2O2) decomposes to lithium oxide (Li2O) and oxygen gas at... Problem 18.117QP: Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), CCl4, has a normal boiling point of 76.7C and an enthalpy... Problem 18.118QP Problem 18.119QP Problem 18.120QP Problem 18.121QP Problem 18.122QP: Coal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating plants. Coal is a complex material, but for... Problem 18.123QP: Hydrogen bromide dissociates into its gaseous elements, H2 and Br2, at elevated temperatures.... Problem 18.124QP: Hydrogen gas and iodine gas react to form hydrogen iodide. If 0.500 mol H2 and 1.00 mol I2 are... Problem 18.125QP Problem 18.126QP Problem 18.127QP: Ka for acetic acid at 25.0C is 1754 105. At 55.0C, Ka is 1.625 105. What are H and S for the... Problem 18.128QP: Ksp for silver chloride at 25.0C is 1.782 1010. At 35.0C, Ksp is 4.159 1010. What are H and S for... format_list_bulleted
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