Some research questions are summarized below. For each situation, identify all variables and characterize them in terms of the level of measurement. Identify which variables are dependent and which are independent.    a. Are male and female entrepreneurs different in terms of their business success (measured in how much money they made last year)? b. Do years in college change students’ perceptions of their resilience, grit, and perseverance (measured with scales)? c. How do international marriages (marriage between two people from different countries) change over time(measured in years)?

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.