Smoking tobacco is bad for your circulatory health. In an attempt to maintain the blood’s capacity to deliver oxygen, the body increases its red blood cell production, and this increases the viscosity of the blood. In addition, nicotine from tobacco causes arteries to constrict. For a nonsmoker, normal blood flow requires a pressure difference of 8.0 mm Hg between the two ends of an artery. Assume that smoking increases viscosity by 10% and reduces the arterial diameter to 90% of its previous value. For a smoker, what pressuredifference is needed to maintain the same blood flow?

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease that involves the accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial wall in regions with damaged endothelial cells. Assume that the damaged region is a circular hole with radius b. the thickness of the endothelial layer can be neglected. The endothelial layer is impermeable to cholesterol and plasma, except in the damaged region. The subendothelial space can be treated as a semi-infinite porous material with hydraulic conductivity K. The transport of fluid and cholesterol is in the radial direction and is symmetric about the center of the hole. The diffusion coefficient of cholesterol in the subendothelial tissue is D. The concentration of cholesterol and the hydrostatic pressure at r = b are approximately equal to those in the plasma, which are Cp and p0 respectively. The concentration and pressure at r→∞ are assumed to be zero. Determine the distribution of pressure in the subendothelial space in the steady state and evaluate the pressure at r =…

The top of your head is about 30 cm above your heart. What is the blood pressure difference between your heart and the top of your head?

Under normal circumstances, the vitreous humor, a jelly-like substance in the main part of the eye, exerts a pressure of up to 24 mmmm of mercury that maintains the shape of the eye.   If blockage of the drainage duct for aqueous humor causes this pressure to increase to about 50 mm of mercury, the condition is called glaucoma. What is the increase in the total force (in newtons) on the walls of the eye if the pressure increases from 24 mm to 50 mm of mercury? We can quite accurately model the eye as a sphere 2.2 cm in diameter. Express your answer in newtons.