Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Fill in the major products to complete the transformations. Be sure to pay careful
attention to stereochemistry where appropriate. If the major product is a pair of enantiomers or diastereomers be sure to draw them both. And indicate whether you have drawn an enantiomer or a diastereomer. (Don't forget about rearrangement).
![### Chemistry: Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
In organic chemistry, electrophilic addition is a type of chemical reaction where an electrophile reacts with an alkene to form a more complex molecule. Below are three examples demonstrating different electrophilic addition reactions.
#### Reaction 1: Addition of Hydrogen Iodide (HI)
**Reactant:**
\[ \text{2-methylpropene} \]
**Reagent:**
\[ \text{HI (Hydrogen Iodide)} \]
**Reaction Setup:**
- The reactant structure is 2-methylpropene.
- The reagent used is Hydrogen Iodide (HI).
**Explanation:**
- Hydrogen iodide (HI) adds across the double bond of 2-methylpropene.
- This type of reaction typically involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate, leading to the addition of hydrogen and iodine atoms to the carbon atoms of the double bond.
#### Reaction 2: Hydration
**Reactant:**
\[ \text{2-methylpropene} \]
**Reagent:**
\[ \text{H}_2\text{O (Water)}, \text{H}^+ \text{(proton)} \]
**Reaction Setup:**
- The reactant structure is 2-methylpropene.
- The reaction is facilitated by water in the presence of an acid catalyst (H⁺).
**Explanation:**
- This is an acid-catalyzed hydration reaction.
- Water adds across the double bond of 2-methylpropene, resulting in the formation of an alcohol.
- The mechanism likely proceeds through the formation of a carbocation intermediate followed by nucleophilic attack by water.
#### Reaction 3: Oxymercuration-Demercuration
**Reactant:**
\[ \text{2-methylpropene} \]
**Reagents:**
1. **Hg(OAc)_2, EtOH (Ethanol)**
2. **NaBH_4 (Sodium Borohydride)**
**Reaction Setup:**
- The reactant structure is 2-methylpropene.
- First, mercuration is performed using mercuric acetate (Hg(OAc)_2) in ethanol.
- Then, the mercury is removed (demercuration) using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄).
**Explanation:**
- This is a two-step process of oxymercuration-demercuration](https://content.bartleby.com/qna-images/question/f57d3743-5e44-4060-83da-5d90a37d31c6/e66eb389-717e-408f-9582-3f2d66ad2fcb/vvb4n9b_processed.png)
Transcribed Image Text:### Chemistry: Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
In organic chemistry, electrophilic addition is a type of chemical reaction where an electrophile reacts with an alkene to form a more complex molecule. Below are three examples demonstrating different electrophilic addition reactions.
#### Reaction 1: Addition of Hydrogen Iodide (HI)
**Reactant:**
\[ \text{2-methylpropene} \]
**Reagent:**
\[ \text{HI (Hydrogen Iodide)} \]
**Reaction Setup:**
- The reactant structure is 2-methylpropene.
- The reagent used is Hydrogen Iodide (HI).
**Explanation:**
- Hydrogen iodide (HI) adds across the double bond of 2-methylpropene.
- This type of reaction typically involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate, leading to the addition of hydrogen and iodine atoms to the carbon atoms of the double bond.
#### Reaction 2: Hydration
**Reactant:**
\[ \text{2-methylpropene} \]
**Reagent:**
\[ \text{H}_2\text{O (Water)}, \text{H}^+ \text{(proton)} \]
**Reaction Setup:**
- The reactant structure is 2-methylpropene.
- The reaction is facilitated by water in the presence of an acid catalyst (H⁺).
**Explanation:**
- This is an acid-catalyzed hydration reaction.
- Water adds across the double bond of 2-methylpropene, resulting in the formation of an alcohol.
- The mechanism likely proceeds through the formation of a carbocation intermediate followed by nucleophilic attack by water.
#### Reaction 3: Oxymercuration-Demercuration
**Reactant:**
\[ \text{2-methylpropene} \]
**Reagents:**
1. **Hg(OAc)_2, EtOH (Ethanol)**
2. **NaBH_4 (Sodium Borohydride)**
**Reaction Setup:**
- The reactant structure is 2-methylpropene.
- First, mercuration is performed using mercuric acetate (Hg(OAc)_2) in ethanol.
- Then, the mercury is removed (demercuration) using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄).
**Explanation:**
- This is a two-step process of oxymercuration-demercuration
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shouldn't a hydride shift take place for the HI and the tH20, H+ reactions in order to get the major product. Also please draw the enantiomers and diastereomers products (if there are any) and if there aren't explain why for all the reactions
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shouldn't a hydride shift take place for the HI and the tH20, H+ reactions in order to get the major product. Also please draw the enantiomers and diastereomers products (if there are any) and if there aren't explain why for all the reactions
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