Saffir-Simpson scale conversion of 1-minute speeds at 10 metres over Category 4 storm with peak wind gusts at 10 metres over open terrain. According to Table safir- simpson scale and corresponding wind speed, the weakest and strongest Category 4 storms had 1-minute speeds at 10 m above open ocean of 130 and 156 mph, respectively. The conversion is based on the surface roughness lengths' anticipated values, which are z_0 for open water and z_0 for open land. In contrast to wind flow over open water, wind flow over shallow water near shorelines is appropriate for relatively large values of z_0. Assuming that Eq. (2.54a,b) produces hurricane winds over open ocean with z_0 = 0.003m and beta(z_0) = 6.5 and c(60s) = 1.29

10.2. A catchment with a grass surface has an average slope of 0.8%, and the distance from the catchment boundary to the outlet is 80 m. At the catchment location, the 2-year 24-hour rainfall is estimated as 85 mm. For a 30-min storm with an effective rainfall rate of 70 mm/h, esti- mate the time of concentration using: (a) the kinematic- wave equation, (b) the NRCS method, (c) the Kirpich equation, (d) the Izzard equation, and (e) the Kerby equation.

Seismic Principle Candidate Questions. 1. Define Normal fault, Strike slip fault, and Reverse fault. 2. How is plate tectonics related to volcanoes and earthquakes? 3. Describe the relationship between Return Period and probability of occurrence for earthquake. 4. Define Ductility (Response Modification Factor) Magnitude vs Intensity of Earthquake 5. How do you measure magnitude of earthquake? 6. What is the purpose of base isolation and how? 7. Type of earthquake waves, list most destructive wave. 8. Factors affecting seismic response of structure. 9. Definition of flexible diaphragm. 10. Loading to be included in the seismic analysis 11. How is Seismic design category (SC) is related to maximum height of structure? 12. How do you construct Design Response Spectrum? 13. Seismic anchorage force for wall/floor connection. 14. What is mode shape of structure reflected in the vertical distribution of seismic shear?

From an analysis of wind speed data (hourly interval average, taken over a one year period), the Weibull parameters are determined to be c = 6 m/s and k = 1.8.  What is the average wind speed at this site?