Rupinder is 70 years old and he has a medical history of Heart Failure. This developed after he experienced a two myocardial infarctions 8 years ago. Both ventricles were affected. Previous chest radiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy. The death of his wife 2 years ago has led to Rupinder experiencing several episodes of depression which has been exacerbated by his sons both moving to Western Australia for work. The loneliness and sadness makes it difficult for him to be concordant with his Heart Failure  management and sustain the necessary lifestyle adjustments required to prevent exacerbations.  This has resulted in several admissions to hospital for management and review of his Heart Failure. For this current admission, Mr Patel was referred to hospital by his Nurse Practitioner, after recently rapidly gaining weight (currently 110kg), since his previous visit. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... The time now is 0800 and you have just come on for your morning shift. Mr Patel has been on the ward for only two hours after spending approximately 12 hours in emergency waiting for a bed to become available. Rupinder appears slightly disoriented. He tells you that he has spent the night in the recliner chair beside the bed, sitting upright because 'this is the only way I can get my breath'. He tells you he feels terribly tired. You observe that the 1 litre water jug that he has been drinking from, since coming to the ward, is nearly empty. Vital signs RR: 28 bpm Sp02: 94% on 2lt via nasal prongs BP: 105/82 mmHg HR: 122bpm Temp: 36.5oC Other information BGL within normal range GCS 14 - Eye opening - 4; Verbal response - 4; Best motor response - 6 Cardiac assessment ECG: indicative of atrial fibrillation Skin is cool and clammy Fluid status assessment Peripheral pulses difficult to palpate Presence of pitting oedema bilaterally Capillary refill - 5 seconds Raised JVP Output since midnight: 150ml Abdominal assessment Abdomen soft and non-tender. Bowel sounds present. Respiratory assessment Bibasilar posterior crackles  Reduced breath sounds in the bases of both lungs Increased work of breathing Patient producing pink-tinged frothy sputum Explain the pathophysiological basis for the patient’s health condition by demonstrating a clear understanding of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, relevant to patient cues (signs and symptoms).   Explain the rationale for therapeutic approaches for the patient

Rupinder is 70 years old and he has a medical history of Heart Failure. This developed after he experienced a two myocardial infarctions 8 years ago. Both ventricles were affected. Previous chest radiography showed left ventricular hypertrophy.

The death of his wife 2 years ago has led to Rupinder experiencing several episodes of depression which has been exacerbated by his sons both moving to Western Australia for work. The loneliness and sadness makes it difficult for him to be concordant with his Heart Failure  management and sustain the necessary lifestyle adjustments required to prevent exacerbations.  This has resulted in several admissions to hospital for management and review of his Heart Failure.

For this current admission, Mr Patel was referred to hospital by his Nurse Practitioner, after recently rapidly gaining weight (currently 110kg), since his previous visit.

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The time now is 0800 and you have just come on for your morning shift. Mr Patel has been on the ward for only two hours after spending approximately 12 hours in emergency waiting for a bed to become available.

Rupinder appears slightly disoriented. He tells you that he has spent the night in the recliner chair beside the bed, sitting upright because 'this is the only way I can get my breath'. He tells you he feels terribly tired.

You observe that the 1 litre water jug that he has been drinking from, since coming to the ward, is nearly empty.

Vital signs
RR: 28 bpm
Sp02: 94% on 2lt via nasal prongs
BP: 105/82 mmHg
HR: 122bpm
Temp: 36.5^oC

Other information
BGL within normal range
GCS 14 - Eye opening - 4; Verbal response - 4; Best motor response - 6

Cardiac assessment
ECG: indicative of atrial fibrillation
Skin is cool and clammy

Fluid status assessment
Peripheral pulses difficult to palpate
Presence of pitting oedema bilaterally
Capillary refill - 5 seconds
Raised JVP
Output since midnight: 150ml

Abdominal assessment
Abdomen soft and non-tender.
Bowel sounds present.

Respiratory assessment
Bibasilar posterior crackles 
Reduced breath sounds in the bases of both lungs
Increased work of breathing
Patient producing pink-tinged frothy sputum

Explain the pathophysiological basis for the patient’s health condition by demonstrating a clear understanding of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, relevant to patient cues (signs and symptoms).  
Explain the rationale for therapeutic approaches for the patient