Researchers are starting to feel pretty confident that daily alcohol consumption is CAUSALLY linked with liver cancer. What do you think is the most important other Hill’s criterion that researchers would like to have that would make them feel even more strongly about causality
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Researchers are starting to feel pretty confident that daily alcohol consumption is CAUSALLY linked with liver cancer. What do you think is the most important other Hill’s criterion that researchers would like to have that would make them feel even more strongly about causality in this relationship?
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- What does the term "correlation vs. causation " represent? Give examplesPerson 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 i Y; (0) 3000 2500 3000 1500 4000 5000 Y; (1) 4000 3000 2500 4000 5500 6000 D₁ 1 0 1 0 1 0 (a) Explain the "fundamental problem of causal inference." Using all of the potential outcomes in the table, what is the average treatment effect?In a study of schizophrenia (a mental disorder including disorganization of thought and withdrawal from reality), researchers looked at the prevalence of the disorder in the biological and adoptive parents of people who were adopted as children; they found the following results: Prevalence of schizophrenia Adoptees With schizophrenia Biological parents Adoptive parents 12 2 Without schizophrenia 6 4 [Source: S. S. Kety et al., 1978, in The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment, L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, and S. Matthysse, Eds. New York: Wiley, 1978, pp. 25-37.] What can you conclude from these results concerning the role of genetics in schizophrenia? Explain your reasoning.
- Does blood type determine your personality? In a study aimed at answering this question, a random sample of 100 adults was given a personality test, and a comparison was made between the scores on the introversion/extroversion scale and blood type (A, B, AB, О). (a) Is this an experiment, a retrospective observational study, or a prospective observational study? (b) Comment on the extent to which inferences can be drawn about a larger population and whether cause and effect can be established.Oxycontin is a drug used to treat pain, but it is well known for its addictiveness and danger. In a clinical trial, among randomly selected subjects treated with OxyContin, 52 developed nausea and 175 did not develop nausea. Among other randomly selected subjects given placebos, 5 developed nausea and 40 did not develop nausea. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the proportion of nausea is different for those on OxyContin than for those who are on placebo. Use the critical value method. Include a diagram of the distribution indicating important components of the question.Two groups of participants read a description of a person called Mark, who was described as shy, introverted and good at mathematics. They were asked how likely each of the following statements were: a) That Mark is male; and b) That Mark is male and works as a software engineer. The group rated b) as more likely than a). In reality a) is more likely than b) because given his name, Mark has a very high probability of being a man. The combined probability of him being both a man and a software engineer must of course be lower. Why did the participants make this mistake, and what does this tell us about the way in which human beings make judgements about people
- Label the following examples as metacognitive knowledge, monitoring, or control. a. You set aside additional time for studying after recognizing that you won’t have enough time to get through all the chapters before your test next week. b. You know that you find it difficult to write tests without sufficient sleep. c. You notice that people tend to disengage from conversations with you when you begin complaining about how much you hate work.A researcher has designed a card choice task to better understand altered decision making in a group of patients who have sustained damage to their ventromedial prefrontal cortex (compared to a non-damaged control group). Participants complete 120 trials. On each trial they choose to flip over a card from one of two decks of face down cards labeled deck 1 and deck 2. Each card flipped over wins or loses an amount of money. In deck 1 (the “bad deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $100 but one out of ten cards loses $1250. In deck 2 (the “good deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $50 and one out of ten loses $250. The researcher measures the number of choices from the “good deck” versus the “bad deck”, and measures anticipatory skin conductance responses immediately before participants choose from the “good deck” compared to the “bad deck”. The research finds that after experiencing wins and losses from 60 choice trials, control group participants on average begin to choose the “good deck” more…A researcher has designed a card choice task to better understand altered decision making in a group of patients who have sustained damage to their ventromedial prefrontal cortex (compared to a non-damaged control group). Participants complete 120 trials. On each trial they choose to flip over a card from one of two decks of face down cards labeled deck 1 and deck 2. Each card flipped over wins or loses an amount of money. In deck 1 (the “bad deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $100 but one out of ten cards loses $1250. In deck 2 (the “good deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $50 and one out of ten loses $250. The researcher measures the number of choices from the “good deck” versus the “bad deck”, and measures anticipatory skin conductance responses immediately before participants choose from the “good deck” compared to the “bad deck”. The research finds that after experiencing wins and losses from 60 choice trials, control group participants on average begin to choose the “good deck” more…
- A researcher has designed a card choice task to better understand altered decision making in a group of patients who have sustained damage to their ventromedial prefrontal cortex (compared to a non-damaged control group). Participants complete 120 trials. On each trial they choose to flip over a card from one of two decks of face down cards labeled deck 1 and deck 2. Each card flipped over wins or loses an amount of money. In deck 1 (the “bad deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $100 but one out of ten cards loses $1250. In deck 2 (the “good deck”), 9 out of 10 cards wins $50 and one out of ten loses $250. The researcher measures the number of choices from the “good deck” versus the “bad deck”, and measures anticipatory skin conductance responses immediately before participants choose from the “good deck” compared to the “bad deck”. The research finds that after experiencing wins and losses from 60 choice trials, control group participants on average begin to choose the “good deck” more…Hypertension (commonly called high blood pressure) is a growing public health problem in Uganda. Researchers want to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and hypertension among rural men in Kaabong district of Uganda. a) What is the justification and significance of conducting such a study? b) Sate a suitable general research question and objective for this study. c) Using the research question, state the dependent and independent variables (including the indicators) for your study. d) Draw a conceptual framework to explain your variables. e) Assume that the researchers will conduct a community based survey. How many participants should be included in the study in order to achieve a 95% confidence level if an error of 5% would be allowable and the estimated proportion of people with hypertension is 20%? f) Provide a COVID 19 management plan as you intend to collect data from the community. g) What kind of literature would you look out for? h) Provide a detailed…Among patients with schizophrenia (P), does social skills training (I) improve communication skills (O) more than with pharmacological treatment (C) ? What type of quantitative research design would be best for the above PICO question? Descriptive, correlational, independet and dependent variables, quasi-experimental or experiemental? Please provide answer and why? Thanks