Rescarch has shown that specific biochemical markers are found exclusively in the breath of patients with lung cancer, However,no lab test can currently distinguish the breath of lung cancer patients from that of other subjects. Could dogs be trained toidentify these markers in specimens of human breath, as they can be to detect illegal substances or to follow a person's scent? Anexperiment traincd dogs to distinguish breath specimens of lung cancer patients from breath specimens of control individuals byusing a food-reward training method. After the training was complete, the dogs were tested on new breath specimens without anyreward or clue using a double-blind, completely randomized design. The results for a random sample of 1291 breath specimensare provided.Note: The numerical values in this problem have been modified for testing purposes.Breath SpecimenCancer SubjectDog Test ResultNegativeControl SubjectTotal71510725Positive562566Total7195721291(a) The sensitivity of a diagnostic test is its ability to correctly give a positive result when a person tested has the discase, orP(positive test | discase). Find the sensitivity of the dog cancer-detection test for lung cancer. Give your answer to fourdecimal places.P(positive test | discase) =

Statisticians use the concept of conditional probability to obtain the sensitivity of a diagnostic…

Answered: Rescarch has shown that specific…

Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Student Edition 2015

1st Edition

ISBN:9781680331141

Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT

Publisher:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT

Chapter4: Writing Linear Equations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14CR

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The table below refers to a case control study on the association between sulfones and streptomycin drugs in the treatment of leprosy. Subjects were sampled based on their clinical change to treatment and then asked whether they had a high or low degree of infiltration. The degree of infiltration measures a type of skin damage. We will use clinical change response scores {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3}. The question of interest is whether degree of infiltration is associated with clinical change. (a) Compute the sample proportions of having a high degree of infiltration for each clinical change group? What type of variable is Clinical Change? (B)Conduct a Cochran-Armitage trend test at the 5% significance level to determine whether there is an association between degree of infiltration and clinical change. (C)Now, ignore the fact that clinical change is an ordinal variable. Conduct a chi-squared test for association between degree of infiltration and clinical change at the 5% significance…
You would like to test whether you can predict the amount of rain that falls on a given day from the amount of dancing a person does the day before. You randomly sample 50 people and record both dancing and raining, taking the average for each person over a 100 day period (one value for both dancing and rain per person). Each person was located in a different city more than 100 km distant from the closest other participant, to eliminate spatial autocorrelation. Neither your rain data nor your dancing data are normally distributed. What is the best solution? a) Transform both variables using the best transformation for each b) Transform both variables using the same transformation c) Focus on transforming your dancing data, searching for a transformation that improves normality d) Focus on transforming your rain data, searching for a transformation that improves normality
What are the requirements for an experiment to be able to show that changes in one variable cause changes in another?
Benzene is a pollutant that, according to studies, can be associated with health problems. Benzene is found in air, water, and soil and comes from both industrial and natural sources. Benzene levels in indoor air are generally higher than outdoors. The main source of benzene in indoor air appears to be tobacco smoke, thus the combustion of tobacco is a major source of pollution. Benzene levels are measured in a random sample of 36 bars in a city, obtaining an average benzene level of 19.2 mg / m3, with a standard deviation of 2.1 mg / m3. Estimate the mean benzene level in bars in this city using a 95% confidence interval. (do your calculations to 4 decimal places) (need the process can be by hand ,Excel or R.) a)Other solution b)[18.48946, 19.91054] c)[19.0950, 19.3050] d)[18.5140, 19.8859] e)[18.6243, 19.7757] f)[18.4315, 19.7936]
A medical student at a community college in city Q wants to study the factors affecting the systolic blood pressure of a person (Y) Generally, the systolic blood pressure depends on the BMI of a person (B) and the age of the person A. She wants to test whether or not the BMI has a significant effect on the systolic blood pressure, keeping the age of the person constant. For her study, she collects a random sample of 125 patients from the city and estimates the following regression function: Y= 15.50 + 0..90B+1.15A. (0.55) (0 40) The test statistic of the study the student wants to conduct (Ho: B, = 0 vs. H, B, #0), keeping other variables constant is. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) At the 5% significance level, the student will ▼ the null hypothesis. Keeping BMIl constant, she now wants to test whether the age of a person (A) has no significant effect or a positive effect on the person's systolic blood pressure. So, the test statistic associated with the one-sided test the…
In PIMS hospital Islamabad there were patients who are in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Analyst have sought to examine the effect of various type of music on agitation levels in those patients. Patients were selected to participate in the study based on their stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Three forms of music were tested. Easy listening, Mozart and Piano interludes. While listening to music, agitation levels were recorded for the patients based on the heart rate in beats per minute. Test at 5% level of significance whether type’s music or early/middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease have significant effect on the agitation levels. Scores are recorded below: (6) Groups Piano interludes Mozart Easy listening Early stages of Alzheimer’s disease 103.5 104.7 100.2 105.9 Mean: 103.6 69.9 78.5 88.2 73.4 Mean: 77.5 95.6 99.3 101.4 120.1 Mean: 104.1 Middle stages of…
Pap smears are a diagnostic test used to detect cervical cancer. Although the test has high specificity, it also has low sensitivity. As a result, women have to be screened often. Using the definitions of sensitivity and specificity, explain why increased frequency of screening is needed when sensitivity is low and specificity is high.
Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. Suppose that 5% of all mammograms are obtained from women who truly have breast cancer. What is the proportion of mammograms that will yield test positive results? Hint: Subdivide the probability of a test positive mammogram into two mutually exclusive components of {test positive…
Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. Suppose 10 women are given mammograms. What is the probability that at least 1 woman will have a false positive test?
Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. Another aspect of mammographic screening is the presence of false negatives. A false negative is a screen negative woman who has breast cancer. False negatives usually occur because the tumors are small and hard to detect. It is estimated that among women with breast cancer, 2% of all…
Expression levels of GeneA and GeneB were measured in 10 cell lines. The researcher would like to know if expression levels of GeneA and GeneB are related.a. Use a parametric method to test if GeneA and GeneB are correlated.b. Use a non-parametric method to test if GeneA and GeneB are correlated.
What other options are there to guarantee the accuracy of the data collected in the field?

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