Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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**Educational Content: Physiology of Internal and External Respiration** **Understanding Gas Exchange:** Gas exchange in the human body relies on a crucial principle: a partial pressure difference must exist between: 1. The alveoli and blood. 2. The blood and body cells. **Diagram Explanation:** The diagram illustrates the partial pressures of oxygen (PO₂) and carbon dioxide (PCO₂) at various stages of respiration. 1. **Atmospheric Air:** - PO₂ = 160 mmHg - PCO₂ = 0.25 mmHg 2. **Alveoli:** - PO₂ = 100 mmHg - PCO₂ = 40 mmHg - Notes the direction of flow: Air moves IN and OUT of the alveoli. 3. **Capillary Blood (Entering Lungs):** - PO₂ = 40 mmHg - PCO₂ = 46 mmHg 4. **Capillary Blood (Leaving Lungs):** - PO₂ = 100 mmHg - PCO₂ = 40 mmHg 5. **Body Cells:** - PO₂ = 40 mmHg - PCO₂ = 46 mmHg **Concept Questions:** - **Partial Pressures in the Atmosphere:** - PO₂ = ? - PCO₂ = ? - **Respiratory Exchange:** - Once inhaled, why does the PO₂ decrease to 100 mmHg, and PCO₂ increase to 40 mmHg? Consider the mixing of fresh air with residual volume in the lungs! - **Capillary Exchange (LEFT SIDE):** - PO₂ = ? - PCO₂ = ? Understanding these differences in partial pressures is essential for comprehending how oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled, facilitating efficient respiration and cellular function.
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Transcribed Image Text:**Educational Content: Physiology of Internal and External Respiration** **Understanding Gas Exchange:** Gas exchange in the human body relies on a crucial principle: a partial pressure difference must exist between: 1. The alveoli and blood. 2. The blood and body cells. **Diagram Explanation:** The diagram illustrates the partial pressures of oxygen (PO₂) and carbon dioxide (PCO₂) at various stages of respiration. 1. **Atmospheric Air:** - PO₂ = 160 mmHg - PCO₂ = 0.25 mmHg 2. **Alveoli:** - PO₂ = 100 mmHg - PCO₂ = 40 mmHg - Notes the direction of flow: Air moves IN and OUT of the alveoli. 3. **Capillary Blood (Entering Lungs):** - PO₂ = 40 mmHg - PCO₂ = 46 mmHg 4. **Capillary Blood (Leaving Lungs):** - PO₂ = 100 mmHg - PCO₂ = 40 mmHg 5. **Body Cells:** - PO₂ = 40 mmHg - PCO₂ = 46 mmHg **Concept Questions:** - **Partial Pressures in the Atmosphere:** - PO₂ = ? - PCO₂ = ? - **Respiratory Exchange:** - Once inhaled, why does the PO₂ decrease to 100 mmHg, and PCO₂ increase to 40 mmHg? Consider the mixing of fresh air with residual volume in the lungs! - **Capillary Exchange (LEFT SIDE):** - PO₂ = ? - PCO₂ = ? Understanding these differences in partial pressures is essential for comprehending how oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled, facilitating efficient respiration and cellular function.
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