QUESTIONS 1-5. Data in the table below were collected on a new test for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in a sample of 100,000 adults from the United States. Answer questions 1-5 based on these data. Status COVID-19 Present COVID-19 Absent Positive Test 9,500 4,500 Negative Test 500 85,500 4. What is the Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

A new screening test for Lyme disease is developed for use in the general population. The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. Five hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. Assume the true prevalence of Lyme disease among clinic attendees is 10%. Calculate the predictive value of a positive test.

The authors of a paper classified characters who were depicted smoking in movies released between a certain range of years. The smoking characters were classified according to sex and whether the character type was positive, negative, or neutral. The resulting data are summarized in the accompanying table. Assume that it is reasonable to consider this sample of smoking movie characters as representative of smoking movie characters. Do the data provide evidence an association between sex and character type for movie characters who smoke? Use α = 0.05. Sex = Male Female Positive Negative Neutral 256 Character Type 85 107 11 132 51 Calculate the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) x² Use technology to calculate the P-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.) P-value = What can you conclude? O Reject Ho. There is convincing evidence to conclude that there is an association between sex and character type for movie characters who smoke. Fail to reject Ho.…

Investigation 3.2: Valence Differences Between R&B and Rap Genres (Paired)A music fan claims that R&B songs tend to have a more positive tone on average than do Rapsongs. The individual collected two independent random samples from the population of SpotifySongs. Fifteen R&B songs and another fifteen Rap songs were collected and their Valence wasrecorded. The music fan believed that pairing the song by their Danceability may provideadditional information. Danceability describes how suitable a track is for dancing based on acombination of musical elements including tempo, rhythm stability, beat strength, and overallregularity. A value of 0.0 is least danceable and 1 is most danceable. Thus, the individual pairedthe R&B song with the lowest danceability with the Rap song with the lowest danceability,followed by the second and second, third and third. She continued this process until the R&Bsong with the highest danceability was paired with the Rap song with the…

Looking at the above summary statistics from July 2020 for patients with confirmed Covid-19 in adult critical care, answer the following questions: What is the sample size for patients with confirmed COVID 19 were in Adult Critical Care beds in the sample hospital (Hammersmith Hospital) What is the sample size for All critical care units for Patients with confirmed COVID19 Give a brief explanation of SD Give a brief explanation of IQR How old were the patients in General Adult Critical Care with confirmed COVID19 one SD below the mean at Hammersmith Hospital How old were the patients in General Adult Critical Care with confirmed COVID19 on the 25th centile at Hammersmith Hospital Calculate .

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a rare genetic condition that produces rapid aging in children. In individuals with this syndrome, cardiovascular disease is a common cause of death in the teenage years. A clinical study examined the effect of treatment with the drug lonafarnib on a number of physiological outcomes. The researchers measured the pulse wave velocity (PWV) of 18 children diagnosed with progeria and recruited worldwide. The study reports that the mean PWV of 18 children diagnosed with progeria is 12.44 m/s, and the standard deviation is 3.638 m/s. Assuming that PWV is normally distributed, is there significant evidence that the mean PWV of children with progeria is abnormally high (i.e. greater than 6.6 m/s)? Let �  (pronounced as "mu") be the true mean PWV of children with progeria.  What are the two competing hypotheses?       ["", "", "", ""]  What is the test statistic?       ["", "", "", ""]  What is the p value?       ["", "", "", ""]  What is the rejection…

Dr. Maddan's eye drops are supposed to cause significant reduction is eye redness. The following table shows the results of a recent study where a random sample of individuals took part in a placebo controlled study. No Reduction in Redness Reduction in Redness Total Eye Drops 120 220 340 No Eye Drops Total 120 140 260 240 360 600 With 5% level of significance, determine if eye redness reduction is dependent upon taking the eye drops. Provide, a. the Chi-square statistic. b. the critical value or the p-value. c. Your decision on whether or not to reject Ho.

Question 2 A researcher was interested in studying if there is a significant relationship between the severity of COVID 19 and blood types of individuals. 2400 individuals were studied and the results are shown below.   Condition Blood Type Blood Type Blood Type Blood Type Blood Type O A B AB Total Critical 64.00 44 20 8 136 Severe 175.00 129 50 15 369 Moderate 211.00 528 151 125 1015 Mild 200.00 400 140 140 880 Total 650.00 1101 361 288 2400   State both the null and alternative hypotheses.  Provide the decision rule for making this decision. Use an alpha level of 5%.

A team of epidemiologists at the Mayo Clinic wanted to find whether there is an association between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). They conducted a prospective cohort study following obese and non-obese individuals who were free of CVD at the beginning of study for five years. The investigators were also interested in assessing age as a potential confounder, effect modifier, or both. Use the data below to answer the accompanying questions.     CVD No CVD Total Obese 10 90 100 Not Obese 35 465 500 Total 45 555 600       CVD No CVD Total Obese 36 164 200 Not Obese 25 175 200 Total 61 339 400   1. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were less than age 50.  2. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were older or equal to age 50.  3. Compute the crude measure of association?  4. List three attributes that age must satisfy before it could…