Give the following information of COVIT-19 cases. Underlying health condition/Risk factor Not for severe outcomes from respiratory infection (no., % with condition) Total with completed information Diabetes mellitus Chronic lung disease Cardiovascular disease Immunocompromised condition Chronic renal disease Pregnancy Neurologic disorder, neurodevelopmental, intellectual disability Chronic liver disease Other chronic disease Former smoker Current smoker None of the above conditions hospitalized Select one: O True O False 5,143 331 363 239 141 51 72 7 24 583 80 61 3,755 Hospitalized, ICU non-ICU 1,037 251 152 242 63 95 31 25 359 45 305 admission 457 148 132 41 56 IN 170 99 Total Known 6,637 730 609 613 245 202 107 40 1,112 158 88 4,159 Give the data above. The probability of a random person taken from the sample is a former smoker and also admitted to the ICU is equal to the product of probability of a person being in ICU and the probability of being a former smoker.

An epidemiologist found five cases of “big toe cancer” in the Yukon Territory. Because there were only a few cases, the epidemiologist decided to conduct a matched case-control study to determine whether shoe size larger than 9 is a risk factor for big toe cancer. Cases were individually matched to one control for daily activity, history of athlete’s foot, and history of ingrown toenails. The following data were gathered:  Shoe size > 9 Pair Case Control   1     Yes      No   2      No       No   3      No      Yes   4     Yes     Yes   5      No      Yes Compute the proper measure of association. Interpret your results. If you were to investigate a rare cancer in Lynchburg, where might you look for data? What would be necessary legally and ethically to be able to utilize this data set(s)? Submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of Module/Week 3, and submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the same module/week. 1

What is the distinguishing feature of a case-control study such as this? An epidemiologist performed a case-control study examining whether tobacco use was associated with oral cancer. The investigator recruited a random sample of 75 adults with oral cancer and 72 adults without oral cancer. Participants were interviewed and asked about their history of tobacco use. O Exposure status was assessed, and then the participants were followed up over time to see who developed the outcome. O The exposure and outcome were measured at the same time, so temporality cannot be established. O Participants were selected based on disease status, and then exposure status was assessed from the past. O The investigator randomized participants into exposure groups and then followed them to see who developed the outcome.

Is there a relationship between age and anemia?