question: Can you summarize and explain for me what you want to tell in the article below? When I read it myself, I do not understand exactly what is meant by the article. It would be nice if you could highlight the important points. You can use them in a figure or diagram to explain. thank you and hava a nice day :)

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
icon
Related questions
Question

question: Can you summarize and explain for me what you want to tell in the article below? When I read it myself, I do not understand exactly what is meant by the article. It would be nice if you could highlight the important points. You can use them in a figure or diagram to explain. thank you and hava a nice day :)

Article:

Nanomaterial-Based Vaccine Development and Immunomodulation

Following the publication of the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 on January 11, 2020, intense research efforts have been devoted to developing a vaccine against COVID-19. With unprecedented speed, this extraordinary scientific mobilization led the first vaccine candidate to enter the Phase I human clinical trial on March 16, 2020, and other novel candidates are rapidly following. Up to May 22, 2020, there are 10 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical evaluations and 114 in preclinical development. 

Concerning vaccine and immunization research, nanomaterials can assist in multiple ways to boost the upregulation required by the immune system and to direct the immune response specifically against antigens. Immune-targeted nanotherapeutics can be developed through their rational manufacture at the nanoscale level by designing nanomaterials that are able to amplify host’s immune response, for instance as adjuvants in the context of vaccination.

Immune-targeted nanotherapeutics can be developed through their rational manufacture at the nanoscale level by designing nanomaterials that are able to amplify host’s immune response, for instance as adjuvants in the context of vaccination.

The development of a vaccine will rely either on the direct administration of viral antigens (e.g., in the form of recombinant proteins, vectored vaccines, or whole inactivated or attenuated virus) or RNA- or DNA-encoding viral antigens. Candidate antigens for immunization are surface proteins such as the immunogenic spike protein (S1), which is already targeted by antibodies of convalescent patients. Because the S1 protein is also essential for cellular uptake, many researchers are using this protein as the primary target for a vaccine.

There are many issues related to the delivery of a drug, protein, or RNA into the patient as the cargo is often degraded, not bioavailable, or is swiftly cleared. Nanotechnology provides multiple solutions to these challenges though, as nanocarriers can overcome some of these limitations.

Biocompatible polymeric-, lipid-based, or inorganic NPs can be tuned with respect to their physicochemical properties to encapsulate cargo proteins with high loading efficiency, improving protein delivery and pharmacokinetics over conventional approaches. Intranasal delivery of polymer-encapsulated antigen triggers a strong immune response, and the success of vaccination depends on the appropriate type of polymer in combination with the antigen. Similarly, researchers have developed lipid and lipid-based NPs as delivery platforms for mRNAs or siRNAs to enable the synthesis of key viral proteins for vaccination or to inactivate critical viral target genes, respectively. The field of therapeutic mRNAs to support vaccination has gained momentum, as well, at least in part due to nanotechnology-enabled strategies for cargo delivery. Moreover, the versatility of nanoplatforms as antigen-presenting systems offers great opportunities. Considering the possibility of random viral mutations that may alter the antigen shape, functionalizing nanomaterials with a wide number of molecules at the same time to target the virus, or motifs that are specific for pathogens, will increase the efficiency of vaccines and their ability to prevent viral infection.

Several companies are working on mRNA vaccines encoding SARS-CoV-2 proteins such as the spike protein, encapsulated in nanoliposomes with specific physicochemical properties that are potentially akin to those documented for immunization against certain tumor antigens. The design of such nanocarriers, which will need to escape recognition by scavenger cells and to be nontoxic and nonimmunogenic, is a challenge that will require substantial time prior to clinical availability.

 

 

 

Expert Solution
steps

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

Blurred answer
Knowledge Booster
Serology
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
  • SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9780134580999
Author:
Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:
PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:
9781947172517
Author:
Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:
OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:
9781259398629
Author:
McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:
Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9780815344322
Author:
Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:
W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:
9781260159363
Author:
Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9781260231700
Author:
Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:
McGraw Hill Education